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Hiroshima after the Bomb: Did the United States 'need' to do it? The

debate goes on, along with the trauma.

 

 

El Spectador, Colombia

A-Bomb Gaffe By Japan Defense Chief Shows War's Trauma Remains

 

"This tells us that the Japanese psyche is far from overcoming the trauma. By the way, neither is the rest of the word."

 

By Juan Gabriel Vásquez

                                            

 

Translated By Barbara Howe

 

July 7, 2007

 

Colombia - El Spectador - Original Article (Spanish)

Japanese Minister of Defense Fumio Kyuma is one of those people one finds in political parties in every country: he's a specialist in putting his foot in his mouth.

 

Weeks ago, he did it when he suggested that Bush was mistaken when he invaded Iraq, which, coming from the Defense portfolio of one the most solid allies of the United States, represented a serious embarrassment for his government. And last Saturday in the middle of a university lecture, he declared that the atomic bombs that the U.S. dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945 were "an inevitable way" of ending the war, and that he didn't bear any grudges against those who dropped them because the bombs averted the planned invasion of Japan by the Soviet Union. The subsequent scandal - the many associations of victims and children of victims which protested - had its effect - with the result that today, Fumio Kyuma is no longer Japan's Minister of Defense. But what’s important here is that once again, the subject of the atomic bomb and the complicated feelings we have about it are on the table.

 

This is no surprise. Sixty two years after the two bombs fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing over 200, 000 civilians in one single military blow, it seems clear that this is one of the great questions of contemporary history: Were they necessary or not? The official North American version circulated in books (sadly) celebrates, “the decision to use the atomic bomb.” The thesis is quite simple. The atomic bombs were necessary because only could force the unconditional surrender of Emperor Hirohito. The atomic bombs were necessary because the only other military option was to invade Japan, a maneuver that would have taken nearly a year and would have cost close to a million lives in the North American army. But then again none of this is certain. In time, certain documents were declassified thanks to pressure by the various investigators interested in knowing the truth. And all the findings have weakened these popular truths.

 

Where the bombs necessary to force the surrender of Hirohito? It isn’t clear. We now know that a year after the war ended, the United States government ordered a study called "The Strategic Bombing Survey." The report is less than clear: the Japanese were ready to surrender as of June 26, 1945; all they asked was that the life and institution of Emperor Hirohito be respected. The Secretary of War at the time, Robert Patterson, thought that this revelation put in doubt the need to use the Bomb; so he recommended that this phrase be eliminated before the report was published. His recommendation was obeyed.

 

Were the bombs necessary to avoid a year-long invasion that would cost millions of lives? This too is uncertain. The same report demonstrates that there were other options for ending the war: The terms of negotiation could have been modifies, or the U.S. could have waited for the Red Army to enter the war, which would have taken place in the middle of August and would have forced Japan's surrender. And other studies have demonstrated that in the summer of 1945, conservative estimates of potential North American losses during an invasion of Japan were not the million so oft spoken of: it was closer to 45,000.

 

As a nation, Japan has dedicated all of its efforts to peace: the Japanese Constitution is the only one in the world that specifically prohibits the possession of atomic weapons. The situation has changed since North Korea carried out its [nuclear] tests last year, obligating the Japanese Foreign Minister to declare that his country “is capable of producing nuclear weapons,” although he said they had no immediate plans to do so. It is within this atmosphere that former minister Kyuma made his comments, which tells us that the Japanese psyche is far from overcoming the trauma. By the way, neither is the rest of the word.

 

Spanish Version Below

 

Otra vez la bomba atómica

 

El ministro de Defensa japonés, Fumio Kyuma, es uno de esos personajes que aparecen en todos los partidos políticos de todos los países: el especialista en meter la pata. Juan

 

By Gabriel Vásquez

 

Hace unas semanas lo había hecho al sugerir que Bush se equivocó al invadir Iraq, lo cual, viniendo de la cartera de Defensa de uno de los aliados más sólidos de Estados Unidos, representaba un serio compromiso para su gobierno. Y el sábado pasado, en medio de una charla universitaria, declaró que las bombas atómicas que Estados Unidos lanzó sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki en agosto de 1945 eran inevitables para terminar la guerra, y que no les guardaba rencor a los que las lanzaron, porque las bombas evitaron que la Unión Soviética invadiera Japón como estaba programado. El escándalo subsiguiente —la multitud de asociaciones de víctimas y de hijos de víctimas que protestarontuvo su efecto, y hoy Fumio Kyuma ya no es ministro de Defensa. Pero lo importante es que una vez más ha quedado sobre el tapete el tema de la bomba atómica y la difícil relación que tenemos con ella.

 

 Y no es para menos. Sesenta y dos años después de que las dos bombas cayeran sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki, matando a más de doscientos mil civiles de un solo plumazo militar, parece claro que ésta es una de las grandes preguntas de la historia contemporánea: ¿eran necesarias o no? La versión oficial norteamericana circuló en un texto (tristemente) célebre: “La decisión de usar la bomba atómica”. La tesis era bastante simple. Las bombas atómicas eran necesarias porque sólo ellas forzaron la rendición incondicional del emperador Hirohito. Las bombas atómicas eran necesarias porque la única opción militar era invadir Japón, maniobra que habría tomado cerca de un año y que habría costado cerca de un millón de vidas al ejército norteamericano. Pues bien: nada de eso es cierto. Con el tiempo, ciertos documentos han sido desclasificados, gracias a la presión de investigadores interesados en conocer la verdad. Y todos los hallazgos han desvirtuado las verdades recibidas.

 

¿Que las bombas eran necesarias para forzar la rendición de Hirohito? No es cierto: ahora sabemos que, un año después de terminada la guerra, el gobierno de los Estados Unidos encargó un estudio titulado Strategic Bombing Survey, o “Informe sobre bombardeos estratégicos”. El informe es diáfano: los japoneses estaban listos para rendirse desde el 26 de junio de 1945, y sólo pedían que se respetaran la vida y la institución del Emperador Hirohito. El secretario de Guerra del momento, Robert Patterson, comprendió que esa revelación ponía en entredicho la necesidad de usar la bomba; recomendó que se eliminara la frase antes de publicarse el informe. Y su recomendación fue obedecida.

 

¿Que las bombas eran necesarias para evitar la invasión que duraría un año y que costaría millones de vidas? Tampoco es cierto. El mismo informe demuestra que había otras opciones para terminar la guerra: modificar los términos de la negociación o esperar la entrada en guerra del Ejército Rojo, que habría tenido lugar a mediados de agosto y que hubiera forzado la rendición japonesa. Y otros estudios han demostrado que en el verano de 1945 las bajas estimadas para una invasión norteamericana en Japón no eran el millón del que tanto se hablaba: apenas superaban los 45.000 soldados.

 

Como nación, Japón ha dedicado todos sus esfuerzos al pacifismo: la Constitución japonesa es la única en el mundo que prohíbe expresamente la posesión de armas atómicas. La situación ha cambiado desde que Corea del Norte llevó a cabo sus pruebas del año pasado, obligando al ministro japonés de Exteriores a declarar que su país “era capaz de producir armas nucleares”, aunque no tuviera planes inmediatos. En ese estado de las cosas nos llegan las palabras del ex ministro Kyuma, y nos damos cuenta de que la psiquis japonesa está lejos de superar el trauma. Igual que el mundo, dicho sea de paso

 

 














































Foot in Mouth Disease: Japan's Defense Minister Fumio Kyuma on July 3, after submitting his resignation for saying that the atomic bombing of Japan was, 'an inevitable way of ending World War II.'



The Enola Gay sets out to drop 'Little Boy,' the first atomic bomb ever used in anger - on Hiroshima, August 6, 1945. Was it necessary?





Japanese Emperor Hirohito: Recently declassified documentation shows that the Japanese were prepared to surrender if the institution of Emperor Hirohito was was protected, and that U.S. Secretary of War Robert Patterson feared that this would make the dropping of the Bomb unecessary.


President Truman: Did he make the right call in deciding to drop the Bomb on Japan? The answer is as unsettled as ever.





Little Boy goes off over Hiroshima: About 140,000 people were killed.