The Love and Hate of Americans for Billionaires

Published in Zaobao
(Singapore) on 31 January 2011
by Wu Da-Di (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Ivy Chan. Edited by Gillian Palmer.
Americans have always been advocates of the pursuit of wealth. So said George Soros, “It is easier to be rich in America than in Europe, because Europeans envy the billionaire, but Americans hope to emulate him.”

Lately, there seems to be a change in the sentiment of Americans toward the wealthy — they changed from loving them to hating them and it just gets worse and worse. The big spenders, especially the new billionaires whose material assets are worth over $1 billion, have become the target of harsh criticism in the media.

Unlike the old billionaires who were born into rich families, most of the new billionaires started from scratch and embarked upon business ventures which brought them great riches in return. In addition, they are well-educated and willing to work hard. Their new inventions and technologies, such as computers, cellular phones, genetic engineering and so on, have greatly improved economic productivity and resulted in relief to many of the problems that mankind has faced. Thus, in consideration of the high esteem Americans hold for laboriousness, the new billionaires should be very much venerated.

In comparison with the American billionaires of the past, the charitable spirit of the new billionaires soar past that of the former. They have nobler goals and a more advantageous management. For instance, Bill Gates promises to donate 98 percent of his personal property and Warren Buffett 99 percent. Together, they waged a campaign to send out a call to all the billionaires in the Forbes 400 to take an oath to donate at least 50 percent of their wealth in their lifetime. They also sent out a similar call around the world. The way these billionaires spend their wealth is as enterprising as the way they create wealth. Not only do they donate to outstanding charitable organizations and existing institutions, they also make use of their riches to test new solutions to many great problems. This has come to be known as “charity capitalism.”

They seem to be much more noble-minded, for they regard all mankind as one big family; many of their charitable projects deal specifically with such urgent global issues as humanitarianism and ecology. Their effort in this regard is reflected in the international meetings that they have actively instigated. Take, for example, the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting which was held in Davos, Switzerland. Its theme was “Improve the State of the World: Rethink, Redesign, Rebuild.”

The Bilderberg Group — said to be the world’s government — holds an annual conference to discuss global subjects. There’s also the TED conference, Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen’s Sun Valley Summit, the Aspen Ideas Festival, Google’s Zeitgeist and so on.

The gatherings of these top elites aim to share the frontiers in different domains, and to work together so as to confer and to come out with plans which will emancipate humankind from all hardship. In this type of gathering, the most effective permit is neither prominence nor money but “new emergences,” that is, a type of discernment of method or technique to bring about a change to the world’s potential. Interestingly enough, it is this spirit of human brotherhood which most repulses some Americans. Resentfully, they call what these individuals do the “revolt of the elites.” They are angry with these elites because they spent a great deal of money helping poor people in Third-World countries rather than taking care of their own.

In these Americans’ eyes, their charitable projects are like two-headed dumbbells for they — without having any regard for those suffering in their own country — either support high-end academic research or relieve the poorest people in developing countries.

Extremely dissatisfied, they have rebuked these billionaires for labeling themselves “the world’s citizens” and for being ungrateful to their country. Because they enjoy many unique advantages, these members of the “global class” have already gradually grown apart from the American populace, while America is still going through the economic and unemployment recession. In addition to that, there is a great discrepancy in their vantage points and attitudes toward the social economy with that of the common people. For instance, a hedge-fund top management remarked that the atrophy in the middle class was not that great a deal. From his vantage point, if the transformation in world economics enables four persons in China and India to be emancipated from poverty and be propelled into the middle class, this is not a bad transaction at all, since only one American is shoved out of the middle class in the process. On the other hand, an American network CEO said, “The wage that we Americans ask for is higher than that of anyone else in the rest of the world. If you want a 10-fold wage, you have to then create a 10-fold value for that. This might sound harsh, but perhaps it’s time for a reduction in salaries for the middle class in America.” This type of speech which appears to be fair is just what Americans loathe the most.

Christina Foley, the senior editor of Reuters, feels that the financial crisis and the economic recession that has followed have caused the gully between the billionaires and the common people to deteriorate into a heated political subject. “It is one thing for people to adore the billionaires when everyone has a job and is able to take advantage of soaring house prices and to enjoy vacations via home property loans, but quite another when the unemployment rate is as high as 10 percent and house values plummet, while the salary level of the top management of Wall Street has returned almost to that before the crisis; all these can easily ignite revulsion and anger in the common people.”*

Currently the profit of big business enterprises in America has seen recovery, but the is is: it is “globalization” that promotes growth; it is the overseas business of these enterprises that make money. What is happening in America includes the atrophy of the domestic middle class, the devastation of unemployment and the worsening of the polarization of income, coupled with a massive flow of funds into low-cost business in newly industrialized countries. In view of all this, there is little hope of recovery in employment and the future of small- and medium-sized business remains bleak.

Many Americans realize that globalization has promoted the growth of the world economy and has helped hundreds of millions of poor people in the Third World countries to escape poverty. This time, however, the general populace in America seems to only reap disadvantages rather than advantages in the reallocation of the profit of the world economy. Therefore, they increasingly dislike those billionaires who made a lot of profit from globalization. The image of them as “superheroes” is disfigured into “super villains”; the high-sounding propaganda of human brotherhood is reverberating ever more as an annoying shriek. There are even some who frighteningly claim that America has already fallen completely into the hands of the world billionaires.

Socio-psychologists who believe in the evolution of consciousness also believe that as manufacturing techniques and the system of the social economy develop, human consciousness evolves. In addition to that, human cognition becomes more intricate and the outlook on the world will also change. As society advances from a nomadic tribe to an agricultural then an industrialized society, people’s outlook on the world also evolves from “animism” to “mysticism,” then to “rationalism”; their moral consciousness too evolves from “egocentrism” to “tribalism/nationalism” and to “globalism.”

It is nothing unusual to see the emergence of the “new global citizen” with their advanced consciousness as the world marches into a globalized information age. Research by Don Beck, a socio-psychologist, estimates that approximately 20 percent of the world population has already entered the stage of “globalism.” These people adopt a universal viewpoint when they take matters into consideration. This type of person is extremely common in such domains as European environmental protection, human rights, technology frontiers and academics. The words and deeds of some billionaires seem to fit this model very well.

Samuel P. Huntington has acutely pointed out the emerging trend of “global consciousness” in an article that he wrote in 2004 entitled “Dead Souls: The Denationalization of the American Elite.”

Unbearable pangs of distress are inevitable with the birth of a new era. What will happen in the end? Will it be stillborn? Will it be a difficult labor? It all depends on how these prescient ones go about leveling the conflict between domestic politics and global development.

(The author is a local freelance journalist.)

*Editor’s Note: This quote, while accurately translated, could not be verified.


吴大地:美囯人对超级富豪的爱与恨

吴大地
  
美国人向来崇尚财富。索罗斯说:“在美国比欧洲更容易致富,因为欧洲人嫉妒富豪,美国人则努力效仿。” (It is easier to be rich in America than in Europe, because Europeans envy the billionaire, but Americans hope to emulate him.)

近来,美囯人对富豪的感觉,似乎有所改変,由爱转恨,日趋恶劣。媒体岀现了许多抨击富豪的言论,尤其是那些身价亿万的新超级富豪。

说来奇怪,如果依照美国人推崇的个人打拼精神,这些新的超级富豪,似乎更应该受到尊敬。不同于那些含着银匙出世,生来富有的旧富豪,他们多数是白手起家,创业致富。他们受过高等教育,肯吃苦耐劳。他们开发的创新产品与科技,如电脑、手机、基因操控等,提升了经济生产力,解决了不少长久困扰人类的难题。

比起往日的美国富豪,他们的慈善精神,可说是有过之而无不及,而且目标更为宏大,经营的方式更有效益。例如,盖茨许诺捐出个人财产的98%,巴菲特99%。两人还共同发起一项捐献运动,号召《福布斯》“全美最富有的400人”排行榜上的所有富豪,共同宣誓,在其有生之年或临死之际,捐出自己至少一半的财富,并到世界各地劝捐。这些富豪,使用自己财富的方式恰似他们创造财富的方式:具有企业性质。他们不仅向杰出的慈善组织或现有机构捐赠,而且运用自己的财富去测试解决大问题的新方法。这种新方法已被称为“慈善资本主义”。

他们胸襟似乎更为宽阔,视天下为一家,很多慈善项目,都是针对现在世界上最逼切的人道、生态问题。这方面的努力,也表现在他们积极推动的国际聚会。例如在瑞士达沃斯举行的世界经济论坛年会,今年主题就是“改善世界现状:重新思考、重新设计、重新建构”。

有“世界的幕后政府”之称的比尔德伯格俱乐部(Bilderberg Group)每年举行一次会议,商讨全球性议题。又如TED大会、微软联合创始人保罗•艾伦的“太阳谷聚会”、阿斯彭研究所的“理念节”以及谷歌公司的“时代精神会议”等。

  这些知识精英的聚会,旨在分享各领域的前沿资讯,希望群策群力,交流商议,碰撞出解救人类困境的各种方案。在这类型的聚会上,最有效的通行证既不是名望也不是金钱,而是“新新事物”——一种具有改变世界的潜力的洞察力、算法或技术。
有趣的是,正是这种人类一家,不分国籍人种的天下大同精神,最引起一些美国人的反感。他们称之为“超级精英的反叛”。他们埋怨这些棈英,不先照顾自己的国人,而把大把金钱拿去救济第三世界贫民。

他们形客这些富豪的慈善事业,像一个两头重的哑铃,不是资助高端学术研究,就是救济发展中国家最贫苦的人民,对美国国内身处困境的民众,却视如不见。

他们非常不满这些超级富豪以世界公民的姿态自居,责骂他们忘本。在美国经济与就业持续低迷时,这些全球化的”族类”,由于自已特殊的优裕环境,已日渐脫离了美国的普罗大众。他们对社会经济事务的视角与态度,与一般民众格格不入。例如,一名对冲基金高管说,美国中产阶级规模萎缩没什么大不了的。他的观点是,“如果世界经济的变革让中国和印度的四个人摆脱贫困,并跻身中产阶级之列,美国才有一人被挤出中产圈,这并不是一项很坏的交易。”另一个例子,一位美国网络总裁说:“我们美国人要求的薪水高于世界上其他地区的人。如果你希望获得10倍的薪水,那你就要创造10倍的价值。这样说听起来有些苛刻,但美国中产阶级可能已到了减薪的时候。”美国人对这种貌似公允的良心话,最为痛恨。

路透社的全球资深编辑克里斯蒂娜•弗里认为,金融危机以及其触发的经济衰退,促使美国超级富豪与一般民众之间的沟壑,变质为烫热的政治议题。“当大家都有一份工作,又能利用飙升的房价,通过家庭资产贷款资助来享受旅游休假时,崇拜超级富豪,那是一回事;但是,当失业率达到10%,房屋价值暴跌,而华尔街的高管却几乎立即回到危机前的薪酬水平,这就很容易引起民众的反感与愤怒。”

现在美国大企业的收益已然回升,问题是,推动成长的是“全球化”;赚钱的是这些企业的海外业务。美国国内中产阶级萎缩、失业严重、收入两极化加剧。加上资金大量流向营业成本低廉的新兴国家,就业率无力回升,中小企业前景黯淡。

很多美国人都知道,全球化推动了世界经济的成长,帮助了数以亿计的第三世界人民脱离贫困。可是,这一次世界经济收益的重新分配,对美国广大民众而言,只见其弊,不见其利。于是,他们对那些从全球化获得暴利的“超级富豪”越看越不顺眼。“超级英雄”的形象遂日渐被妖魔化为“超级恶棍”。那些“世界大同、全球一家”的高调子也越来越显得刺耳。更有人危言耸听地说,美国已落入全球富豪统治集团的掌控之中。

相信意识进化的社会心理学家认为,人类意识随着生产技术与社会经济制度的不同而进化,不但认知思维方式愈趋复杂,道德意识与世界观都会随着改变。当社会从游猎部落发展为农业社会、工业社会时,人们的世界观也跟着从“万物有灵论”进化到“神话期”、“理性期”;道德意识也会从“自我中心”、“族群/国家中心”进化到“世界中心”。

现在世界济已进入全球化的资讯时代,拥有先进意识的“新人类”出现,实不足为奇。根据社会心理学家贝克(Don Beck)的研究调查,估计世界人口约20%强的人已进入“世界中心”的阶段。这些人在考量事物时,采用的是全球/全人类观点。这样的人,在欧美环保、人权、前沿科技、学术圈子最常见到。某些超级富豪的言行,似乎也颇符合这个模型。

眼光敏锐的塞缪尔•亨廷顿,在2004年就写过一篇文章《死灵魂: 美国精英的非民族化》(Dead Souls: The Denationalization of the American Elite)指出了这个“全球意识”逐渐浮现的趋势。

一个新时代的诞生,免不了要经过难熬的阵痛。后果将如何,会不会胎死腹中、难产?那就要看这些先知先觉者,如何去平衡囯内政治与全球发展之间的冲突。


作者是本地自由撰稿人

http://www.zaobao.com/yl/yl110131_003_2.shtml
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