Opposition to the United States

Published in El Pais
(Spain) on 6 March 2012
by Miguel Ángel Bastenier Martínez (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Soledad Gómez. Edited by Janie Boschma  .
It is not the bipolarity of the Cold War, but there is in the world today a relatively cohesive opposition to United States hegemony. Two of its leading figures, Russia and Iran, have recently had elections — presidential in the former case and legislative in the latter — that reinforce that alignment.

Those in power have won in both countries. Vladimir Putin will return to presidency in Russia, though as the prime minister of President Medvedev, he had never been much more than a primus inter pares. In Iran, followers of the lawyer Ali Khamenei have won a landslide victory over President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The two couples, Russian and Iranian, are not exactly symmetrical, because Ahmadinejad — elected when he still had the approval of the Supreme Guide — had recently tried to establish an independent power base. And although Dmitri Medvedev could pretend for a while, he soon showed his true colors.

But both systems have some characteristics in common. Russia is a democracy manipulated by the Kremlin, where the limited scope of pluralism that condemns the opposition to losing elections is preserved. In the Islamic Republic, Khamenei reduces personal freedom and the opposition is in prison or hiding. Putin trusts the electoral fact to make his victory safer and greater, while Khamenei dictates the game rules to avoid getting disappointed.

In both cases, it could have been speculated that the Arab Spring, which is transforming the political scenes of North Africa and the Middle East, could be duplicated in Moscow and Tehran. Recently, the opposition — liberal, ultra and communist — made Putin believe that change was possible, but the new czar has filled the ballot boxes with fraud and brought violence to the streets. In Iran a spring wind had already been forecast in the presidential elections in June 2009; Khamenei had to tweak the vote count so Ahmadinejad, under his protection at that time, could win. In March 2011, faced with popular protests that pretended to emulate those that occurred in Cairo, the Iranian authority responded with the usual severity. Furthermore, the leaders of the opposition, Mehdi Karroubi and Mousavi Hussein, were imprisoned, in the view that vetoing candidates that were not chosen by the leader would solve the electoral problem. The idea of opposition in Tehran is, in any case, different from the West: The so-called Green Wave in 2009 was as Islamic as the theocratic power itself, and its uranium enrichment program would have been carried out with the same enthusiasm, if perhaps it defended some measure of pluralism within the regime.

In June 2001, Putin gave an example of how he intended to refocus the post-Soviet foreign policy with the creation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, comprising Russia, China and four Central Asian States of the former USSR. In addition, in 2011, President Barack Obama announced that the Asia-Pacific region is a top priority, thus raising welts on Beijing’s skin. In parallel, Tehran would not give up its nuclear program that could culminate in the production of the atomic bomb, although it continues to ensure that it is pursuing nuclear power for peaceful purposes. Today, both powers have a client in common, Syria, on whose behalf Moscow vetoed one resolution against the regime of President Bashar al-Assad at the U.N. Tehran funds and uses it as a strategic corridor to supply the guerrillas of Hezbollah in Lebanon. Venezuela and subordinates are distant allies, but also very expressive. Finally, there is China, less committed, but attentive to everything that affects its oil supplier, Iran.

It is not an axis, but a mere coordination of interests between the first military power in Eurasia and the regional leader of the Gulf. The two powers lead — along with China, both inside and outside — and wait for the moment to show their formidable weight as the squad of those who do not reconcile with Washington fiat. And their means of action would be more than tested if Iran’s nuclear facilities are attacked by either Israel or the United States. The election results in Russia and Iran strengthen that unknown outcome.


No es la bipolaridad de la Guerra Fría, pero hoy existe en el mundo una oposición relativamente cohesionada a la hegemonía de Estados Unidos. Y dos de sus principales representantes, Rusia e Irán, acaban de celebrar elecciones —presidenciales en el primer caso y legislativas en el segundo— que refuerzan ese alineamiento.

En ambos países han ganado los que estaban en el poder. Vladímir Putin volverá a la presidencia de Rusia, aunque, como primer ministro del presidente Medvédev, nunca había dejado de ser mucho más que un primus inter pares; y en Irán los seguidores del jurisconsulto Alí Jamenei han conseguido una aplastante victoria sobre el presidente Mahmud Ahmadineyad. Las dos parejas, rusa e iraní, no son exactamente simétricas, porque Ahmadineyad, elegido cuando aún contaba con el beneplácito del Guía, había tratado en los últimos años de establecer una base de poder autónoma, y si bien Dmitri Medvédev pudo gesticular en algún momento como si pretendiera otro tanto, pronto asumió su condición de escudero de quita y pon.

Pero ambos sistemas presentan características en parte comunes. Rusia es una democracia manipulada desde el Kremlin en la que se preserva un margen limitado de pluralismo que condena a la oposición a perder elecciones, mientras que en la República Islámica Jamenei reduce a voluntad el espacio dentro del que hay que actuar, y la oposición está en la cárcel o la clandestinidad. Putin obra sobre el hecho electoral para hacer segura y más grande su victoria, mientras que Jamenei dicta las reglas del juego para que ese hecho no le decepcione.

En ambos casos cabía especular con que la primavera árabe, que está transformando el panorama político de África del Norte y Oriente Próximo, podría reeditarse en Moscú y Teherán. En las últimas semanas la oposición —liberal, ultra, y comunista— a Putin había hecho creer que el cambio era posible, pero el nuevo zar ha sofocado con trampa en las urnas y violencia en las calles lo que pudiera haber de cambio climático; y en Irán un viento de primavera ya se había anticipado en las presidenciales de junio de 2009, que Jamenei, pillado por sorpresa, tuvo que retocar para que su, entonces todavía pupilo, Ahmadineyad, venciera claramente. En marzo de 2011, ante aspavientos populares que pretendían emular la protesta de El Cairo, la autoridad iraní se expresó con su habitual contundencia y los líderes de la oposición, Mehdi Karrubí y Husein Musaví, fueron encarcelados, al tiempo que la fórmula previa de vetar a los candidatos que no gustaran al líder resolvía el problema electoral. La idea de oposición en Teherán es, en cualquier caso, diferente a la occidental: la llamada ola verde de 2009 era tan islámica como el propio poder teocrático y su programa de enriquecimiento de uranio habría sido llevado adelante con igual entusiasmo. Si acaso, defendía alguna medida de pluralismo dentro del régimen.

En junio de 2001, Putin dio una muestra de cómo pensaba reorientar la política exterior pos-soviética, con la creación de la Organización de Cooperación de Shanghái, que integran Rusia, China y cuatro Estados del Asia central de la antigua URSS. Y Obama anunciaba en 2011 la prioridad que otorgaba al área Asia-Pacífico, no sin levantar con ello ronchas en la epidermis de Pekín. Teherán no cejaba, paralelamente, en su programa nuclear que puede culminar con la producción de la bomba atómica, aunque se sigue asegurando que solo persigue fines pacíficos. Y hoy ambas potencias tienen un cliente común, Siria, en cuyo beneficio Moscú veta en la ONU las sanciones de Occidente contra la dictadura de Bachar el Asad, y Teherán financia y utiliza el país levantino como corredor estratégico para aprovisionar a la guerrilla de Hezbolá en el Líbano. Aliados distantes, aunque muy expresivos son también Venezuela y adláteres. Y, finalmente, China, menos comprometida, pero atenta a todo lo que afecte a Irán, que le suministra gran parte de su petróleo.

No es un eje, sino una mera concertación de intereses entre la primera fuerza militar de Eurasia y el líder regional del Golfo. Pero ambas potencias encabezan, con China, a la vez dentro y fuera, esperando por si llega el momento de hacer notar su formidable peso, el pelotón de los que no se reconcilian con el fiat de Washington. Y sus posibilidades de acción se verían más que puestas a prueba si Israel, Estados Unidos —o a cuatro manos— atacaran las instalaciones nucleares iraníes. Los resultados electorales en Rusia e Irán refuerzan esa incógnita.
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1 COMMENT

  1. An intelligent analysis, which goes right to the heart of why neither Israel nor the US will risk bombing Iran. Iran is an observer member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and if it ever gets out from under UN sanctions it will immediately be approved as full member.

    The SCO could be a real force for global change, but only if it sticks to its own rhetoric about equality of, and respect for all members. But if Russia and China are only interested in the “stans” for the natural resources they can squeeze out of them, its potential as a geopolitical powerhouse will be held in check.

    I’m not sure what the US has in mind with its shift of focus to the Pacific, but if it’s pursuing Cold War II, it’s biting off more than it can possibly chew.