Insulting Faith

Published in China Youth Daily
(China) on 20 September 2012
by Chen Xiaoru (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Leah Averitt. Edited by Tom Proctor.
“It is not that you help us to achieve democracy, but that you insult our faith.”

On Sept. 11, the act of a notorious American director making a short 14-minute movie trailer ignited anti-American anger throughout the Islamic world. In more than 30 countries, from Libya to Egypt and Indonesia to Malaysia, Muslims have taken to the streets in protest and demonstrations. They even burned local American diplomatic institutions.

Faced with this scene, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton asked on the day of the death of the U.S. Ambassador to Libya, "While we are helping with the liberation of the country, why would we at the same time help the city that has caused this thing?”*

In relation, the China Youth Daily reporter interviewed a number of Chinese and foreign experts on the Middle East problem, trying to interpret the situation.

“Conceit and Arrogance of Western Civilization Toward Islamic Civilization Is the Root Cause"

On the anniversary of Sept. 11, the U.S. President Barack Obama stated the importance of reconciliation with the Middle East. The night the 14-minute trailer was released, the United States had to pay with the lives of an ambassador and three diplomats.

Since Sept. 11, Muslims in Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Iran, Morocco, Iraq, Sudan, Tunisia, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey, Kenya, Mauritania, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Bahrain, Qatar, Palestine, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia and other cities took to the streets in protest. Even in Israel, Arab Israelis protested at the Embassy of the U.S. ambassador. Muslims took to the streets in India, Australia and the United Kingdom.

Anti-American anger has engulfed the Islamic world and is still spreading into cyberspace. Middle East expert and former Chinese ambassador to Iran, Hua Liming, reported his interpretation on Sept. 19 in an interview with China Youth Daily.
Hua Liming pointed out to reporters that, for Muslims, the scope of the protests is broad and the violence is strong in such a way that is rare historically. The Middle East and the United States have played at "double-dealing" for more than half a century. Removing a prejudiced framework and imposing the Western concept of democracy and human rights are closely related. At the same time, during last year's political and social change, North African countries such as Libya and Egypt had societies that did not usher in “democracy” and “freedom”, nonetheless the U.S. and Europe applauded these societies. The situation is a bleak security environment. The restoration and reconstruction of people’s livelihoods show slow progress, and the population is dissatisfied. In that climate, once there is the opportunity of a movie to discredit the Prophet Muhammad, there will be a wave of anti-American sentiment.

Eddie Mubarak, an expert in Egyptian politics from the International Institute for Islamic Thought, pointed out in a phone interview with the reporter on Sept. 19 that “the assumption of superiority and arrogance of U.S.-led Western civilization toward the Islamic civilization is the root cause leading to the anger of the people.”

Prof. Mubarak pointed out that after the “Arab Spring” (as it is so-called by the U.S.), drastic political and social change occurred. Many ordinary people in Egypt, Libya and other countries did not receive stability and development. Instead, it turned into a great turmoil. The people are of the firm opinion that the U.S. caused this mischief. The emotions of hatred and hostility toward the United States repeatedly accumulate. In this case, at any point a spark makes anti-Americanism anger quickly burn.

"The Level of Violence Is Indeed Beyond Expectation"

With regard to this motivated wave of anti-Americanism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences West Asia and Africa researcher Yin Gang, a Middle East expert, pointed out during an interview with reporters on Sept. 19 that: “Objectively speaking, this time the movie triggered an anti-American wave that incidentally was formed by isolated incidents. It is related to religion; this is the bottom line for Islamists. Whether it is American or Danish behavior (as it was before), as long as they insult the Islamic prophet, it is bound to arouse protest.”

Yin Gang told reporters that this account of anti-Americanism mainly epitomizes the protests of the people at the bottom of society. The attitudes of the governments are mostly forced by domestic political pressure. What’s more, there is not much practical protest action. And this, therefore, should not affect its generalization.

On Sept. 18, Ma Mudi, a Benghazi University political science professor who saw the attack on the U.S. Embassy in Libya, pointed out: “From looking at the scene in Benghazi on Sept. 11, there was not a well-planned ambush. It is not only an outbreak of anti-American sentiment, but also pure sporadic events.”

Professor Caliph said: “The movie blames “Muslim ignorance.” American culture and civilization do not respect the Islamic civilization. They do not understand what causes things.”

Professor Caliph believes that this incident will not have a lasting impact. “Once you vent anger, it is over. But the level of violence is indeed beyond my expectation.”

“Things Detonating a Wave of Anti-Americanism Will Happen”

A number of Middle East experts in an interview with this reporter pointed out that no matter how much money the United States puts into operation in the Middle East, “accidental events” will continue to happen.

Egyptian Islamic civilization expert Eddie Mubarak said to the reporter that because of the United States’ so-called protection of "freedom of speech," “speeches or actions in the future will set off huge waves of anti-Americanism.”

Mubarak said: “After this incident, the United States, on the grounds of its constitutional guarantee of free speech, not only cannot impose sanctions on the director and producer with regard to the “Ignorance of the Muslims,” but also can provide special protection instead. Of course, this can be understood by reading the Constitution of the United States. But Americans should also understand how important the dignity of the Prophet is for the millions of Muslims. If you want to know, if the producer of this film had been born in Egypt and made similar words and deeds, he would be charged with the crime of “insulting religion.” He would be liable to imprisonment of up to three years. In the face of charges of “endangering national security,” he would even be sentenced to life imprisonment.“

On Sept. 19, Lawrence Luosai’er, senior researcher of the Institute of International Relations of the University of Cairo, Egypt, said in an interview: “For Muslims around the world, the movie producer was so insulting to Islam’s leader that [the United States] ought to be subject to severe economic sanctions, whether for revenge or otherwise. But from the United States government’s perspective, this is a very difficult situation.”

Researcher Luosai’er further analyzed: “The Obama administration is walking a tightrope. On the one hand, they have to condemn the film. But with the freedom of speech considerations in the Constitution, they cannot punish the perpetrators. They even have to provide them with security and protection. And this will be seen in the eyes of Muslims around the world as supporting the film. The U.S. government cannot even command Google and internet companies to remove the movie from their networks. Plus, things like this are happening again and again. Many Muslims around the world feel that the U.S. government is deliberately appearing to abuse religious leaders. Therefore, there will definitely be outbreaks of anger.”

Middle East expert Hua Liming also told reporters that if the U.S. government cannot change its long-term arrogance towards Islamic culture, treat Islamic civilization equally and respect the religious beliefs of the majority of Muslims, there will inevitably be a “clash of civilizations” between the Western and Islamic civilizations. By then, the damage will not just affect people in the Middle East, but will also threaten the strategic interests of the United States.

Yin Gang, a Middle East expert, pointed out that perhaps this incident will be a warning to the U.S. government. That would be where the U.S. would be faced with touching on the point of religious civilization in its own country and putting cultural works before the public. Whether it should be through some public scrutiny methods or by establishing some mechanism to insult, the desecration of words and deeds of other religious beliefs should be punished. This would be in order to avoid “cultural conflicts” causing the U.S. to “miss what is big because it is small.”

"Arab Spring" Will by No Means Be Followed by a Western-Style Democracy

On Sept. 11, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has said: “I asked myself, why would such a thing happen? When we help liberate a nation and help save a city, why would such a thing happen?”*

For this “American query,” Hua Liming analyzes: “The United States confuses the distinction between means and purpose. Although, during the Arab Spring in countries such as Libya, Tunisia, Egypt and other places, people adopted American “democracy” and “freedom” methods. Even with the aid of the military forces of the United States, they overthrew the countries’ strongman rulers. But its purpose is not to implement the American-style “democracy and human rights,” but instead, to uphold and implement the values and ideology of the Islamists.”

Hua Liming thinks that this time an anti-Americanism wave is displayed again. In the current Middle East, Western “democracy” and the concept of “human rights” is not accepted by the people. According to traditional, mainstream Islamist thinking, “in this incident, the Muslim Brotherhood and the Salafist faction have popular support. Maintenance of Islamic religious orthodoxy has become strong, and there has been a willingness to further become strong through the Arab Spring.”

Eddie Mubarak, Egyptian Islamic civilization expert, pointed out to reporters that the anti-American wave of the Arab Spring was implemented instead of a “democracy” espoused and propped up by the United States and Europe. But instead of going as expected, Muslim politicization further expanded.

Mubarak said: "For now, Libya, Egypt, Tunisia and the developments of the situation in Yemen has led to a significant expansion of Muslim political influence. Those Islamists who are unwilling to reside under Western civilization find that actively speaking about politics is a way out in the future. Therefore, Muslims who used to stay out of politics are increasingly reluctant to adopt the equivalent of U.S.-based Western political thought.”

The United States' Middle East policy is faced with failure or an insurmountable "clash of civilizations" in the situation in the Islamic world that the United States is now facing. Libyan protesters said, "Did you not help us to achieve democracy and freedom, but yet you can still insult our faith." This may also answer Hillary’s questions.

*Quote not verified in English


“不是你帮我们实现了民主, 就可以侮辱我们的信仰”

陈小茹
2012年09月20日08:23 来源:中国青年报

9月11日,一个行为劣迹斑斑的美国导演仅用一部14分钟长的电影预告片就点燃了整个伊斯兰世界的反美怒火。从利比亚、埃及到印尼、马来西亚的30多个国家都有伊斯兰教徒上街抗议、示威,甚至砸烧美国在当地的外交机构。
面对这一幕,美国国务卿希拉里•克林顿在美国驻利比亚大使丧生当天发问:“为什么在一个我们帮助解放的国家、在一个我们帮助拯救的城市会发生这样的事情?”
就相关问题,中国青年报记者采访了多位中外中东问题专家,试图寻求解读。
“西方文明对伊斯兰文明的自大与傲慢是……根本原因”
“9•11”11周年纪念当天,美国总统奥巴马刚说要与中东世界和解,当晚美国就因一部14分钟的电影预告片付出1位大使及3位外交人员生命的代价。
自11日以来,利比亚、埃及、也门、伊朗、摩洛哥、伊拉克、苏丹、突尼斯、巴基斯坦、叙利亚、土耳其、肯尼亚、毛里塔尼亚、约旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、巴林、卡塔尔、巴勒斯坦、孟加拉国、印尼、马来西亚等国的城市都有伊斯兰教徒上街抗议。甚至在以色列,阿拉伯裔以色列人也到美国驻以大使馆外抗议。印度、澳大利亚、英国的穆斯林也走上街头。
对于这场席卷伊斯兰世界且仍在向网络空间蔓延的反美怒火,中东问题专家、中国前驻伊朗大使华黎明19日在接受《中国青年报》记者采访时的解读是,从表面上看,这部亵渎伊斯兰先知的电影是此次反美浪潮的导火索。但从深层中看,这是伊斯兰世界对美国大中东政策长期积聚怒火的一次集中爆发。
华黎明向记者指出,此次伊斯兰民众反美浪潮规模之大、范围之广、暴力之烈为历史少见。这与美国半个多世纪以来在中东地区长期扮“两面派”、拉偏架及强制推行西方民主人权观念密切相关。与此同时,利比亚和埃及等北非国家在经历了去年的政治和社会变革之后,社会并未迎来美欧所大唱赞歌的“民主”与“自由”,反而是局势与安全环境堪忧、民生恢复与重建进展缓慢使民众积聚了不满。此时,一旦有了“诋毁伊斯兰先知穆罕默德电影”这样的契机,反美浪潮就席卷而来。
埃及金字塔政治与国际关系研究所伊斯兰文明专家艾迪•穆巴拉克19日在接受本报记者电话采访时指出:“以美国为首的西方文明对伊斯兰文明的自大与傲慢是导致此次民众愤怒的根本原因。”
穆巴拉克教授指出,被美国称为“阿拉伯之春”的政治社会大变发生后,埃及、利比亚等国的众多普通民众并没有就此获得安定与发展,反而陷入动荡不安之中。这些已被民众认定是美国捣鬼所致。痛恨美国和敌对美国的情绪由此一再积聚。这时,任何一点火星都会使反美怒火迅速燃烧。
“暴力程度确实超出意料”
对于此次反美浪潮的动因,中国社会科学院西亚非洲所研究员、中东问题专家殷罡19日在接受记者采访时指出:“客观上讲,此次电影引发反美浪潮是偶然的孤立事件。它事关宗教信仰,这是伊斯兰教徒的底限。不论是美国人,还是以前的丹麦人的行为,只要是被认为侮辱了伊斯兰先知,就必然激起抗议。”
殷罡向记者指出,此次反美浪潮主要集中体现为社会底层人民的抗议,各相关国家政府的表态也大多是迫于国内政治压力,并无太实际的抗议动作,因而不应将其影响泛化。
曾亲见美国驻班加西大使馆遇袭场景的利比亚班加西大学政治学教授马穆迪•哈里发18日在接受记者电话采访时也指出:“从11日班加西的场景来看,并非有人精心策划伏击,也不是反美情绪大爆发,而是纯偶发的事件。”
哈里发教授说:“就是《穆斯林的无知》那部电影惹的祸,是美国文化或者美国文明对伊斯兰文明不尊重、不理解所造成的。”
哈里发教授认为,这起事件不会有长久的影响,“愤怒的情绪发泄过了就过去了……但暴力程度确实超出了我的意料。”
“引爆反美浪潮的事还会发生”
多名中东专家在接受本报记者采访时指出,不论美国在伊斯兰世界投入多少钱,这样的“偶发事件”未来还将继续发生。
埃及伊斯兰文明专家艾迪•穆巴拉克向本报记者表示,由于美国所谓的保护“公民言论自由”,“未来因某个人的言论或行动引爆巨大反美浪潮的事件还将会发生。”
穆巴拉克教授说:“这次事件发生后,美国以其宪法保障公民言论自由为由,不但不会对《穆斯林的无知》的制片人和导演进行制裁,反而为其提供特别的保护。这按美国的宪法当然可以理解,但美国人也应该理解,先知的尊严对于成百上千万的穆斯林来说有多重要。要知道,如果这个片子的制片人是在其出生地埃及作出类似言行,那他会被控以‘污辱宗教’罪,要处高达3年的监禁,甚至面临因‘危害国家安全’的罪名,从而被判无期徒刑。”
埃及开罗大学国际关系研究所资深研究员劳伦斯•罗赛尔19日在接受采访时说:“对于全球的穆斯林来说,如此污辱伊斯兰教领袖的电影的制作人理应受到严厉的制裁,不论是报复还是其他方式。但对于美国政府来说,这是个左右为难的事。”
罗赛尔研究员进一步分析说:“奥巴马政府在走钢丝:一方面要谴责这部电影,但出于宪法规定言论自由的考虑,又无法对肇事者进行处罚,甚至还不得不为其提供安全保护。而这一定会被全球的穆斯林视为‘支持电影’之举。美国政府甚至无法命令谷歌那样的网络公司将这部电影从网络上移除。再加上类似这样的事件已一再上演,世界多国的穆斯林就觉得美国政府是在有意纵容与凌辱宗教领袖,因此会在一定的节点上愤怒总爆发。”
中东问题专家华黎明也向记者表示,如果美国政府不能改变其对伊斯兰文化的长期傲慢态度,不能平等对待伊斯兰文明,不能尊重广大穆斯林的宗教信仰,那么西方文明与伊斯兰文明之间的“文明冲突”将无可避免。届时,损害的将不只是中东人民,还将危及美国的战略利益。
中东问题专家殷罡指出,此次事件或许会向美国政府提出一个警示,那就是在美国针对涉及他国宗教文明的文化作品在公开前,是否应当通过某种公开审查机制,或者建立某种机制对侮辱、亵渎他人宗教信仰的言行进行惩罚,以避免类似的“文化冲突”令美国“因小失大”。
“阿拉伯之春”绝非追随西式民主
美国国务卿希拉里9月11日曾说:“我问自己,为什么会发生这样的事情?为什么在一个我们帮助解放的国家、在一个我们帮助拯救的城市会发生这样的事情?”
对于这一“美国式疑问”,华黎明分析说:“美国混淆了‘手段’与‘目的’的区别。虽然在‘阿拉伯之春’中,利比亚、突尼斯、埃及等地民众采用美国‘民主’、 ‘自由’的手段、甚至借助美国的军事力量,推翻了本国的强人统治,但其目的并非要在本国实行美国式的‘民主、人权’,而是要实行他们坚守的伊斯兰主义的价值观念和意识形态。”
华黎明认为,此次反美浪潮再次显示,在当下的中东地区,西方的“民主”、“人权”观念并非深入人心,传统的伊斯兰主义仍是主流思想,“在这次事件中,穆斯林兄弟会和萨拉菲派很得民众支持,其维护伊斯兰宗教正统性的实力和意愿也经由‘阿拉伯之春’进一步变强了。”
埃及伊斯兰文明专家艾迪•穆巴拉克也向记者指出,此次反美浪潮也显示“阿拉伯之春”非但没有如美欧之愿扶植起西方的“民主政治”,反倒令穆斯林政治化进一步扩大。
穆巴拉克说:“就目前来看,利比亚、埃及、突尼斯、也门局势的发展已让穆斯林政治化影响力明显扩大了。不甘居西方文明之下的伊斯兰文明认定,积极讲政治是未来的出路所在。因此,此前远离政治的穆斯林开始越来越不愿意为美国为主的西方政治所左右。”
事实上,且不论是美国“中东政策”面临失败还是难以逾越“文明冲突”,美国眼下在伊斯兰世界面临的境况正如一个利比亚抗议者所说的:“不是你帮助我们实现了民主自由,就可以侮辱我们的信仰。”而这或许也解答了希拉里的疑问。
本报北京9月19日电

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