The World Needs To Discuss American Human Rights

Published in Huanqiu
(China) on 17 June 2020
by Yaming Hao (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Jaime Cantwell. Edited by Elizabeth Cosgriff.
On June 15, the United Nations Human Rights Council decided to hold an urgent debate at the 43rd session of the Human Rights Council about allegations of the United States’ “systemic racism, police brutality and violence against peaceful protests” as a result of a request from the Burkina Faso Office to the United Nations, the representative of African nations. Prior to the death of George Floyd, the U.N. human rights agencies had repeatedly condemned U.S. law enforcement for racist atrocities.

The field of law enforcement has always been the hardest hit by racial discrimination in the United States — the death of Black Americans by brutal police violence is not uncommon. People who have paid attention to the human rights situation in the U.S. would know that the story of Floyd’s death is not an unfamiliar one. The suffocation of African American Eric Garner in 2014 during an arrest by a white police officer is an extremely similar case to that of Floyd. More and more Americans think that killings of Black Americans by police officers are not isolated incidents, and instead have become a widespread pattern of behavior.

In a report published in 2016 based on a survey of Americans by a U.N. Human Rights Council group specializing in African American issues, the main focus was to criticize racially discriminatory behaviors in police violence and the criminal justice system. Many cases have proven that law enforcement personnel have problems with violent law enforcement and the excessive use of lethal force, and most of these acts are exempt from criminal punishment. The report also states that the killings of unarmed Black Americans by police officers is only the tip of the iceberg of the racial prejudice that is prevalent in law enforcement and the judicial system.

After the death of Floyd, there was a rapid eruption of what is thought to be the largest anti-racial-discrimination demonstrations since the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Some people associate the large scale, long duration and utter fierceness of the protests with the social background of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is very reasonable.

During the past few months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, African Americans are without a doubt the racial group that has suffered the most. On the one hand, African Americans have higher COVID-19 infection and death rates than any other racial group; according to U.N. statistics, their COVID-19 death rates are more than double that of other groups. On the other hand, a major portion of the African American population works in the low-end service industry, which is the industry that has been hit the hardest with layoffs during the pandemic. The socioeconomic situations of families with job instability, low income levels and without savings have made African Americans unable to withstand risks, since a large number of them are in difficult life situations. On June 2, U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet issued a media statement saying that ethnic minorities, including Black people, are disproportionately affected by COVID-19, and exposed some of the existing long-term racial inequalities prevalent in some other countries. This has become a catalyst for the large-scale protests in hundreds of cities in the United States.

The sudden public health emergency has caused the long-term economic, social and health issues that African Americans face to surface. Law enforcement has yet again sparked raging anger in the hearts of the masses, African Americans in particular. The pandemic and the protests are two mirrors, allowing the world to clearly see the unbearable and ugly side of America’s human rights issues. The U.S. has always claimed to be a champion of global human rights, and has published annual reports criticizing the human rights violations of other countries. The protest demonstrations against the background of the pandemic, however, has clearly demonstrated that the U.S. has its own domestic human rights issues, especially regarding the protection of minority groups’ rights. Human rights issues in the United States really need to be discussed.

The author is a researcher at the Centre for the Study of Human Rights at Nankai University.


6月15日,联合国人权理事会通过布基纳法索驻联合国办事处为代表的非洲国家的要求,决定将在第43届人权理事会会议上就有关美国“系统性种族歧视、警察暴行和暴力镇压和平抗议”的指控举行紧急辩论。在此之前,就非洲裔男子乔治·弗洛伊德死亡事件,联合国相关人权机构已经多次发声谴责美国执法机构的种族主义暴行。

执法领域历来就是美国种族歧视的重灾区,警察粗暴执法导致非洲裔死亡的事件屡见不鲜。留意美国人权状况的人们不难发现,乔治·弗洛伊德死亡的情节似乎并不陌生,其与2014年几名纽约白人警察在逮捕非洲裔男子埃里克·加纳时使用锁喉动作致其窒息死亡极为相似。越来越多的美国民众认为,警察杀害非洲裔并非是孤立事件,而已经成为一种广泛存在的行为模式。

联合国人权理事会非洲裔问题专家工作组2016年在对美国进行调查后发布的工作报告中,重点批评了警察暴力以及刑事司法系统中的种族歧视行为。大量案例证明执法人员存在暴力执法与过度使用致命武力的问题,而这些行为大多被免于刑事处罚。报告还称,警察对手无寸铁的非洲裔美国人的杀戮,只是执法司法体系中普遍存在的种族偏见的冰山一角。

在乔治·弗洛伊德事件发生之后,全美迅速爆发了被认为是上世纪60年代美国民权运动以来最大规模的反种族歧视游行示威活动。有人将这次抗议活动的规模之大、持续时间之长、形式之激烈与新冠肺炎疫情的社会大背景关联起来,这是非常有道理的。

在美国持续几个月的疫情期间,非洲裔无疑是处境最为悲惨的种族群体。一方面,非洲裔美国人新冠肺炎感染率和死亡率均远高于其他种族族裔群体,联合国的数据显示非洲裔的新冠死亡率是其他种族群体的两倍以上;另一方面,非洲裔人口集中就业的低端服务业是疫情中裁员的重灾区,工作不稳定、经济收入低、家庭无储蓄的社会经济状况使得非洲裔缺乏抗御风险的能力,大量人口陷入生活困顿局面。联合国人权事务高级专员巴切莱特6月2日发表媒体声明说,新型冠状病毒病对包括非洲裔在内的种族和族裔少数群体影响尤为严重,暴露了一些国家长期存在的种族不平等问题,而这已经成为目前在美国数百个城市的大规模抗议活动愈演愈烈的“助燃剂”。

一场突发公共卫生事件,使得非洲裔美国人在经济、社会、健康等领域长期面临的困境集中爆发,警察暴力执法又在瞬间点燃广大民众尤其是非洲裔美国人心中汹涌的怒火。疫情与抗议是两面镜子,让全世界民众再次看清了美国在人权问题上存在不堪与丑陋的一面。美国历来以世界人权卫道士自居,每年发表报告对其他国家的人权事务评头论足。然而此次疫情背景下的抗议示威活动,却让美国国内的人权问题尤其是少数种族人权保障问题得以清晰呈现。美国的人权问题真该好好讨论一下了。(作者是南开大学人权研究中心研究员)
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