9/11 and the Taliban 20 Years Later

Published in El País
(Spain) on 11 September 2021
by Eva Borreguero (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Marta Quirós Alarcón. Edited by Gillian Palmer.
These two decades prove that the United States fumbled in its entry into Afghanistan, unaware of the fact that enforcing its punitive intent would not be enough

On the 20th anniversary of 9/11, the Taliban triumphantly resurfaced on the Afghan scene. As if nothing had changed in the concentricity of history, the loop of mistakes that appears to refer back to the starting point arrives at a close. Not quite: In the interim of the war on terror, there have been two tectonic shifts and one change of course. China, India or Vietnam emerge; Asia comes to the fore. The Middle East implodes; Syria and Libya are pulverized; Lebanon is in decay and the Shia-Sunni divide is more acute than ever. The rise and fall of two blocs. And the United States pivots toward the Pacific, first moving away and then getting closer through the Indo-Pacific flank. The exit from Afghanistan responds to this new approach, leaving the Afghan-Pakistani-Taliban abysmal pit at the disposal of U.S. rivals China, Iran and Russia. Will they venture inside?

On the other hand, these 20 years prove that the United States fumbled in its entry into Afghanistan with its impromptu actions, betting on a resounding military response coupled with a massive deployment of financial resources, yet unaware that enforcing its punitive intent or spending billions of dollars would not be enough. Some internal factors were overlooked: the religious and tribal cohesion of the Pashtun people; the notion of “asabiyya,” or “group feeling,” analyzed by the Arab historian Ibn Khaldun, transferred to the communal religious sphere of Islam and reinforced, in this case, by the Deobandi Islamic current prompted by Pakistan, precisely as counterforce to a secularization that would strengthen local nationalisms.

This motivation, related to feelings and emotions, has no equivalent in Afghan nationalism; it is a unifying force against foreign invaders. At the same time, however, it is the seed of despotism and insurrections. A dynamic of constant internal conflict due to the inability to develop an efficient governance.

Faced with the need to establish some sort of relationship with the Taliban, the West is trapped in its humanitarian calling. Hence the urgency to set the conditions for an effective acknowledgement, which until yesterday could be glimpsed due to the promises of moderation. In vain. The announcement of the new interim government — exclusionary of minorities and women, with zero legitimacy — for the time being shuts the door even to any financial support, and highlights that the word of the Taliban has questionable value. And what of the promise of rejecting jihadi terrorism? By appointing a figure like Sirajuddin Haqqani as interior minister, who is wanted by the FBI and whose network is linked to al-Qaida, the fox is now guarding the henhouse. Developments will have to keep being evaluated, and meanwhile, inevitably, contacts will have to continue. Acknowledgement will have to wait. Twenty years after 9/11, the future is still unwritten.



El 11-S y los talibanes, 20 años después

Se cierra un bucle de errores que parece remitir al punto de partida, como si nada hubiera cambiado, en una marcha circular de la Historia

En el vigésimo aniversario del 11-S, los talibanes resurgen triunfales sobre el escenario afgano. Se cierra un bucle de errores que parece remitir al punto de partida, como si nada hubiese cambiado, en una marcha circular de la Historia. No del todo. En el ínterin de la Guerra contra el Terror se han producido dos movimientos tectónicos y un cambio de rumbo. China, India o Vietnam emergen: Asia pasa a primer plano. Oriente Próximo implosiona: Siria y Libia pulverizadas, Líbano en descomposición, y la divisoria chií-suní, más aguda que nunca. Auge y caída de dos bloques. Y Estados Unidos pivota hacia el Pacífico, distanciándose primero, y acercándose al segundo por el flanco del Indo-Pacífico. La salida de Afganistán responde a esta nueva orientación, dejando el hoyo abismal del entramado Afg-Pak-talibán a disposición de sus rivales, China, Irán y Rusia. ¿Se adentrarán en él?

Por otra parte, estos 20 años prueban que Estados Unidos entró a tientas en Afganistán y actuó in promptu, apostando por una respuesta militar contundente, acompañada de un enorme despliegue de recursos económicos, pero ignorando que no basta con hacer valer su intención punitiva ni emplear miles de millones de dólares. Existen factores internos que se han pasado por alto. La cohesión religiosa y tribal de los pastunes, la asabiya o “espíritu de clan”, que analizó el historiador árabe Ibn Jaldún, transferida en el islam al plano religioso de la comunidad, y acerada en este caso por la corriente islámica deobandi que impulsó Pakistán, precisamente como contrapeso a una secularización que fortaleciese los nacionalismos locales.

Se trata de una motivación de sentimientos y emociones sin equivalencia en el nacionalismo afgano, unificadora frente a los invasores extranjeros, pero a su vez germen del despotismo y las insurrecciones. Una dinámica de constante enfrentamiento interno, por la incapacidad de desarrollar una gestión de gobierno eficaz.

Occidente, ante la necesidad de establecer algún tipo de relación con los talibanes, se encuentra atrapado en su vocación humanitaria. De ahí la urgencia de fijar condicionantes para un reconocimiento efectivo, vislumbrado hasta ayer por las promesas de moderación. En vano. El anuncio de nuevo Gobierno interino, excluyente de minorías y mujeres, de nula legitimidad, cierra por el momento la puerta incluso a toda ayuda financiera y pone de relieve que la palabra de los talibanes tiene un dudoso valor. ¿Qué hacer con la promesa de rechazo del terrorismo yihadista? Al nombrar ministro del Interior a un personaje como Sirajuddin Haqqani, buscado por el FBI, cuya red está ligada a Al Qaeda, se ha puesto el gallinero al cuidado del lobo. Habrá que seguir evaluando los acontecimientos y mientras tanto, de modo inevitable, mantener los contactos. El reconocimiento tendrá que esperar. 20 años después del 11-S el futuro está por escribir.
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