The “Pacific Rim 2012” Joint Military Exercise

Published in Nanfang Daily
(China) on 25 June 2012
by Wei Xiangjing, Intern Gao Hongnuo (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Leah Averitt. Edited by Tom Proctor.
The “Pacific Rim 2012” joint military exercises kicked off this week. 22 countries are participating in the 55-day exercise. The U.S. military keeps a firm grasp by “pulling help from partners” in the Western Pacific.

What exactly is the U.S. doing in the Western Pacific? Earlier this month, U.S. Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta participated in the 11th Asian Security Conference (the Shangri-La Dialogue), where he announced in the news that “by 2020, the Navy will re-posture its forces from today’s roughly 50/50 percent split between the Pacific and the Atlantic to about a 60/40 split between those oceans. That will include six aircraft carriers in this region, a majority of our cruisers, destroyers, littoral combat ships, and submarines.” The media has put out this issue one be one.

The release of Panetta’s clear signal echoes. Under the U.S.’ “leadership,” intensive military activities began recently in the Asia-Pacific region. There has once again been a great density of global military exercises in Asia, as it is a region that covers the widest range. Recently, the United States, along with South Korea and Japan, the two bridgeheads in East Asia, launched a sea and land military exercise in a "two-pronged" approach in the Yellow Sea and the Korean Peninsula. From June 29 through Aug. 3, the joint military exercise named “Pacific Rim 2012” will take place along the U.S. Hawaiian rim’s maritime space. It will last a period of 55 days and will include 22 countries.

From Northeast Asia’s Busan, South Korea to Japan’s Okinawa, from Southeast Asia’s Changi, Singapore to Australia’s Port of Darwin, U.S. naval bases are densely distributed. Throughout the Pacific region, the U.S. already has the strongest maritime control force. However, the U.S. is unwilling with regard to this: Recently, “partners that help has been pulled from” have intensified in the Western Pacific maritime space, maintaining a combat readiness. In this undertaking, what specific strategic objectives does the U.S. have when all is said and done? In what way will the U.S. specifically deploy its six aircraft carriers in the Asia-Pacific? Current military observations will be investigated.

Participating Asia-Pacific Countries on the Three “Island Chains”

The United States, who has been continuously exposed as advocating an air of hegemony, has never been willing to be lonely. Recently in Northeast Asia, under the leadership of the United States, along with South Korea and Japan, three joint military exercises were held that muddied the situation there. However, compared with “Pacific Rim 2012,” which is about to be held, these three exercises in Northeast Asia can be described as a “cake walk.” “Pacific Rim 2012,” which is to be held soon, not only has the Pacific Rim countries such as the United States, Australia, Canada, Peru, Mexico, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, New Zealand, the Philippines and Russia, but also has countries that are outside the region, such as France, Norway and the United Kingdom. At the end of this month, 22 countries and 42 warships, six submarines, 200 military aircraft and more than 25,000 people will be in the Asia-Pacific jointly sounding the “knit together number.”

Asia-Pacific countries participating in the military exercises are almost all major countries located on the third “island chain.” “The U.S. believes that the best way to “blockade the Asia-Pacific” is to blockade China and suppress Russia. Therefore, actually ‘blockading the Pacific Ocean’ in the third island chain requires a focus on the deployment of naval forces, an increase in equipment and drilling military forces and preventing China and Russia from developing momentum for threatening the U.S.’ maritime hegemonic position,” said military network president Guo Xuanxiang to a Nanfang Daily reporter.

Coincidentally, last month, U.S. Defense Secretary Panetta participated in the annual graduation ceremony of the U.S. Naval Academy and said, “America's future prosperity and security are tied to our ability to advance peace and security along the arc extending from the Western Pacific and East Asia into the Indian Ocean and South Asia.” The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps must act as pioneers. They are leading the recovery of U.S. control over global and Asia-Pacific waters.

In early June, Panetta also said that 60 percent of the U.S. Navy’s fleet will be deployed in the Asia-Pacific in 2020. Guo declared that the U.S.’ military strategy right now is to have an “all-decisive battle in enemy territory.” That is, the U.S. is always preventing the "potential enemy" from becoming a maritime power. The U.S.’ maritime strategy aims to block potential enemies from the sea. The U.S. wants to prevent the enemy from the sea and to suppress the enemy on land. By suppressing other countries, they protect their own dominant position in the ocean. The U.S. Navy attaches great importance to the development and production of the “littoral combat ship.” Its purpose is to fight a battle where the enemy is pushed to the shore. At present, the United States holds this kind of containment mentality with regard to China and Russia.

Naval expert Li Jie said the American “Pacific Rim military exercise’s” special backdrop is the “return to the Asia-Pacific.” He specifically said that the Asia-Pacific refers to the Western Pacific or East Asian region. In order to be in line with this strategy, it is necessary to see that the United States has long been preparing to increase its military deployment in the Pacific region. At the present, the number of U.S. nuclear submarines in the region is close to 60 percent.

Where the U.S.’ plans to strengthen its naval forces in the Pacific are concerned, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines and other countries are welcoming it one after another. Australian Defense Minister Smith said that the U.S. presence in the Asia-Pacific region has been "a force for peace and stability and prosperity since the end of World War II."

Li Jie thinks that the U.S. is able to mobilize allies. First, the reality is that there is a need for military collaboration. The United States hopes that these allies will be able to adapt to future U.S. naval warfare concepts, systems and communication needs. Once a war begins, these allies can bring about coordinated operations with the U.S. as soon as possible. Second, in the case of the downsizing U.S. military, the U.S. has no more money to expand. The only thing to do is to mobilize its allies. In addition, through the exercise, it also allows the allies to see the gap between the U.S.’ military equipment and their own. It could also stimulate allies to buy large quantities of U.S. weapons.

Naval Forces Are Changing Direction to the "Second Island Chain" to Seek Security

In order to ensure the U.S.’ maritime strength in the Asia-Pacific, the U.S. relies on a large number of naval bases. There are a group of bases along China’s borders in Northeast Asia. They are the U.S.’ most important forward bases in the Asia-Pacific region.

Data shows that the U.S.’ permanent mission in the Northeast Asian region is to have more than 30 ports that it can use in a time of war that can accommodate various types of ships — or over 1,300 ships — with a displacement of about 9.3 million tons. Included among them are the Yokosuka base in Japan, the Sasebo base in the Nagasaki Prefecture and the Atsugi Naval Air Station. In addition, there are two U.S. Marine bases in Japan — the Iwakuni base and Okinawa base groups. Yokosuka is the U.S. Navy's largest base in the Western Pacific. The U.S. Navy’s 7th Fleet Command is also stationed there. In addition, U.S. naval bases in South Korea include the Chinhae Naval Base and White Beach Naval Base.*

The large-scale Northeast Asian base group can be directed towards the Korean Strait, the Taiwan Strait or other important strategic and vital maritime defense areas to form and control high points. This base group can also be directed toward China, Russia, North Korea and other countries in the Far East to form a situation that is squeezed and kept under control. In the event of a maritime war, the United States’ Northeast Asian naval base group, along with the Guam base group in the second island chain, the third island chain’s Hawaiian base group and even the continental United States’ west coast naval bases can echo each other from afar and mutually cooperate.

Li Jie stated that within the Northeast Asia base group, the United States has more military might in Japan. The number of personnel and the scale of forces account for two-thirds of the forces in the Northeast Asian region. The United States establishes the places of the bases, and all are very crucial lifelines. Therefore, it can be said that these naval bases are occupied. The Northeast Asian region’s sea lanes are basically under the United States’ management and control. By controlling these “fortresses” in Northeast Asia, the U.S. can not only control China, but can also put pressure on Russia. This kind of strategic superiority can also allow the United States to seize the initiative in the North Korean nuclear issue and the Taiwan Strait issue.

However, with regard to the Northeast Asian naval might, the U.S. shows signs of an adjustment. It has long been the news that it is planned that 8,000 Okinawa Marines stationed on the first island chain will be transferred to Guam on the second island chain.

Analysts said this deployment will weaken Okinawa’s “forward position” in the entire Northeast Asian base group. However, Guo declared that because China and Russia have strengthened their control in the Western Pacific, the United States’ naval forces are being transferred from the first island chain to the second island chain. They shift the focus to the Guam base. U.S. military forces in Okinawa will be withdrawn to Guam. Or, one could say that they will be “diverted.” This is because Okinawa is within the range of China. U.S. military forces retreat to Guam and are just out of range. Therefore, they strengthen their military might and equipment by deploying to the second island chain. This is more in line with the interests of the United States.

Acting as a modern navy is an indispensable weapon — and it is important to have the most modern naval warfare ships. There will be a greater number of aircraft carriers gathered in the Asia-Pacific. At present, the United States military has a total of 11 aircraft carriers; six aircraft carriers are gathered in the Asia-Pacific. Panetta said that by 2020, the number of U.S. military deployments in the Pacific will include six aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, coastal combat ships and submarines that account for more than half of the U.S. Navy's total.

Li Jie said that the U.S. says that it actually has six carriers in the Asia-Pacific region. Washington State has three. There are two in the port of San Diego, California. Yokosuka, Japan has one aircraft carrier. Panetta's meaning is that once there are special circumstances, the U.S.’ west coast indigenous aircraft carriers will be moved to the Asia-Pacific forefront. This will allow for the formation of a naval blockade and brief control of the situation. Currently, at the Asia-Pacific frontier, Yokosuka, Japan has an aircraft carrier. In view of the strategic direction of the U.S.’ return to the Asia-Pacific, the U.S. will still have one aircraft carrier deployed to Guam. This will be equal to them deploying a total of two aircraft carriers at the forefront of the first island chain and the second island chain.

In Fact, the Spin on Freedom of Navigation Is Controlling the Choke Points

“Control of strategic points, the guardian of the vital sea defense areas” — this is an important criterion for the selection of U.S. overseas bases. It is also an important objective of the U.S.’ extended sea power. It goes without saying that Southeast Asia has an important geographical position, and the U.S. would like to achieve control of the region.

In Southeast Asia, both strategic arteries of the Pacific and Indian Ocean, the Straits of Malacca and Makassar, are connected. Also, there is the Sunda Strait, serving the communication between the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean. Mastery and control of these arteries not only consolidate the strength of the United States in the Western Pacific, but also expands U.S. interests in the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf.

“These straits are important communication strategic points. The United States already controls this position. The so-called marine blockade is the refusal to cooperate with some countries on land. At any time, all trade routes and resource routes can be blockaded,” declared Guo.

In response to these important strategic passageways near the sea, the U.S.’ side often spins that its freedom of navigation is threatened by China. The opinion of Li Jie is that the phenomenon of freedom of navigation being hindered does not exist. The U.S. talks about "the free navigation of the sea lanes." Southeast Asia and the South China Sea are firmly under control. In fact, the U.S. wants all of these important passageways stopped. Once the U.S. controls the sea lanes and energy lifelines, it will actually control the lifeline of China's sustainable economic development.

But the construction of the U.S.’ navy base groups in Southeast Asia is far smaller than in East Asia. Previously, the U.S.’ Subic Bay Naval Base and Clark Air Base in the Philippines turned into the most important part of its base group in Southeast Asia. But in 1992, the U.S. returned the Subic Bay naval base to the Philippines. The U.S. lost an important stronghold in the “island chain.”

“The United States supports the provocative activities of the Philippines in the South China Sea. This allows the Philippines to curb or consume China’s power. It also allows the U.S. to renew its presence in the Philippines in the future. The presence of the Clark and Subic bases provides for a foreshadowing of public opinion,” said Li Jie.

However in March 2001, the U.S. built a naval base at Changi, Singapore. This temporarily made up for a strategic gap with the loss of the Subic and Clark bases. The original functions of the Subic Bay base are already shared by the Changi and Guam bases.

According to the agreement signed by Singapore and the United States, the Changi Naval Base is for the U.S.’ 7th Fleet and the other passing ships, including aircraft carriers and other large vessels, and provides logistical and maintenance services. Because the Changi base is far inferior to the base of Subic Bay, its function is to provide maintenance, rest and supplementary fuel. It restricts the U.S. Navy’s ability to defend its interest in the region.

At present, the United States is actively in consultation with other Southeast Asian countries. The U.S. strives to make it so that its naval vessels can enter the ports of these countries for supplies and maintenance. In the eyes of the United States, Vietnam's Cam Ranh Bay is a good naval port worth competing for. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Panetta arrived in the naval port in Cam Ranh Bay on June 3. This follows U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's visit to Vietnam in 2010. Both are visits by heavyweight U.S. officials. Although, while Panetta was in Vietnam, there was no mention of matters regarding the lease or use of Cam Ranh Bay, most analysts believe that the U.S. will not give up its ambitions there.

* Editor’s Note: White Beach Naval Base is located in Okinawa, Japan, not South Korea.


环太平洋2012联合军演在即 美军西太平洋抓紧拉帮结伙
2012年06月25日08:49
“环太平洋2012”联合军演本周开锣,二十二国参与五十五天演习
美军西太平洋抓紧“拉帮结伙”

美国究竟要在西太平洋做什么?本月初,美国防长帕内塔参加了第11届亚洲安全大会(香格里拉对话会),当他宣布了“美国将在2020年之前把大部分军舰调派至太平洋,并在亚太地区保持6艘航空母舰”的消息后,媒体纷纷抛出这个问题。

与帕内塔释放的明确信号相呼应的是,在美国的“领队”下,最近亚太地区开始了密集的军事活动,亚洲再度成为全球军演密度最大、覆盖范围最广的地区。而最近几天,美国同韩国、日本两个东亚桥头堡,“兵分两路”,在黄海、朝鲜半岛发起了海上和陆上军事演习。从6月29日至8月3日,美国夏威夷周边海域还会有一场为期55天、包括22个国家的“环太平洋2012”联合军事演习(RIMPAC)。

从东北亚的韩国釜山至日本冲绳、再从东南亚的新加坡樟宜至澳大利亚达尔文港,密集地分布着美国的海军基地群。在整个太平洋地区,美国早已拥有着最强大海上控制力。然而,美国不甘于此,近期,在西太平洋海域加紧了“拉帮结伙”、厉兵秣马,美国此举究竟有何具体战略目标?美国在亚太的6艘航母如何具体部署?本期军情观察将作出解读。

参演亚太国家都在三重“岛链”上

一直崇尚霸气外露的美国从来不甘于寂寞,最近在美国的主导下,其在东北亚与韩国和日本举行的三场联合军演搅浑了东北亚局势。然而,与即将要举行的“环太平洋2012”相比,东北亚的三场可谓“小菜一碟”。马上要举行的“环太平洋2012”不仅有环太平洋国家,如美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、秘鲁、墨西哥、韩国、新加坡、泰国、新西兰、菲律宾和俄罗斯等国,还有法国、挪威、英国、荷兰等区域外国家。本月底,22个国家的42艘战舰、6艘潜艇、200架军机和超过2.5万人将在亚太共同吹响“集结号”。

参加军演的亚太国家几乎都是位于三重“岛链”上的主要国家。“美国认为‘封锁亚太’最好的途径就是封锁中国及压制俄罗斯。因此,‘封锁太平洋’,实际上是在三个岛链上重点部署海军、增加装备和演练兵马,防止中国和俄罗斯发展势头威胁到美国的海上霸权地位。”军情网总裁郭宣向南方日报记者表示。



无独有偶,上月,美国防部长帕内塔参加美国海军学院年度毕业典礼时称,“美国未来的兴盛与安定全部维系在我们维持亚太地区和平与稳定能力上,这一地区从西太平洋到东亚并一直延伸至印度洋和南亚。”美国海军以及海军陆战队必须作为先驱者,率先复苏美国对亚太乃至全球海域的控制力。

6月初,帕内塔还表示,“2020年美国60%海军舰艇将部署太平洋”。郭宣认为,美国现在的军事战略是要“决战于敌境之上”,即美国始终在防止的“潜在敌人”成为海洋大国,其海上战略的目的是封锁潜在敌人的出海口,阻止敌人出海,将敌人压制在陆上。通过打压别国,维护自己独霸海洋的地位。美国海军非常重视“濒海战斗舰”的研发和生产,目的就是为了把敌人逼到岸上决战。目前,美国对中国和俄罗斯就是持这一种遏制心态。

海军专家李杰称,美国的“环太平洋军演”的特殊背景是“重返亚太”。具体说,亚太指的是西太平洋或者是东亚地区。为配合这个战略需要,美国早已为加大太平洋地区的军事部署做准备。目前,美国在该地区的核潜艇数量已经接近60%了。

对于美国计划在太平洋加强海军力量一事,澳大利亚、新西兰、菲律宾等国纷纷表示欢迎。澳大利亚防长史密斯表示,美国在亚太地区的存在“自二次大战以来维持和平、稳定和繁荣的一支力量”。

李杰认为,美国能够将盟友调动起来,一是确实有军事协作的需要,美国希望这些盟国能够适应未来美国海上作战的理念、体制、还有通信的需要,一旦有战事发生,能够与美国尽早实现配合作战。二是在美国军费日益减少的情况下,它没有更多的钱扩张,只能把它的盟国调动起来。此外,通过演练,还可以让盟友看到自己与美国军事装备的差距,以刺激盟国大量购买美国的武器。

海上力量转向“第二岛链”寻找安全

为了确保美国在亚太的海上实力,其依托了众多的海军基地做依托。沿着中国周边的东北亚基地群,是美国在亚太地区最重要的前沿基地。

有资料显示,美国海军在东北亚地区常驻或战时可以使用的港口有30多个,可容纳各型舰船1300多艘,排水量约930万吨。其中在日本的基地有横须贺,长崎县的佐世保基地、厚木海军航空基地。此外,还有美国海军陆战队在日本的两个基地——岩国基地和冲绳基地群。其中横须贺是美国海军在西太平洋最大的基地,也是美海军第7舰队司令部驻地。除此以外,韩国的美国海军基地有镇海海军基地和白滩海军基地。

规模庞大的东北亚基地群,可对朝鲜海峡、台湾海峡等重要的海上战略咽喉形成制高点,也可以对中国、俄罗斯、朝鲜等远东国家形成挤压态势。一旦发生海上战事,美国在东北亚海军基地群可与处于第二岛链的关岛基地群、第三岛链的夏威夷基地群,乃至美国本土西海岸的海军基地,可遥相呼应、相互配合。

李杰认为,在东北亚基地群中,美国在日本有更多的军事力量,人数和规模占了东北亚地区的三分之二。美国建立基地的地方都是很关键的命脉,因此,可以说,占据了这些海军基地,东北亚地区的海上通道基本上被美国掌控了。把控着东北亚地区的这些“堡垒”,不光能对中国形成控制力,还可以对俄罗斯形成压力。这种战略优势,也可以让美国在朝核问题、台海问题上掌握主动权。

不过,对于东北亚的海军力量,美国有调整的迹象。早已有消息称,驻第一岛链上的冲绳美军陆战队,已计划将约8000人转移至第二岛链上的关岛。

分析称,这一部署将削弱冲绳在整个东北亚基地群的“前沿地位”。不过,郭宣认为,由于中俄加强了在西太平洋地区的控制,美国的海上力量正在从第一岛链转移到第二岛链,重点转移到关岛基地。在冲绳的美军会退往关岛,或者说“转移”。是由于冲绳在中国的射程之内,美军退到关岛就在射程之外,因此,加强对第二岛链的军力和装备部署,更符合美国的利益。

作为现代海军不可或缺的利器,及现代海战最重要的舰艇,会有更多数量的航空母舰齐集亚太。目前美军共拥有11艘航母,6艘航母齐聚亚太。帕内塔说,到2020年,美国在太平洋的军力部署将包括6艘航母,巡洋舰、驱逐舰、近海作战舰艇和潜艇的数量也将占美国海军总数的半数以上。

李杰说,美国所说的在亚太地区的航母实际上已经有6艘了。美国本土西海岸的航母加上日本横须贺的航母总共6艘——华盛顿州已经有3艘,在加利福尼亚州圣迭戈港口有两艘,而日本横须贺有一艘。帕内塔的意思是,一旦有特殊情况,美国西海岸本土的航母会前移到亚太前沿,形成海上封锁和扼控的态势。目前,在亚太前沿,日本横须贺已经有一艘航母,鉴于美国重返东亚的战略方向,美国将来还要在关岛部署一艘,等于是在第一岛链和第二岛链前沿总共会部署两艘航母。


炒作航行自由实为控制咽喉要道

“控制战略要点,扼守海上咽喉。”这是美国选择海外基地的重要标准,也是其扩展海上力量的重要目的。鉴于东南亚地区地缘位置重要,实现对该地区的控制,对于美国不言而喻。

在东南亚地区,这里既有连接太平洋与印度洋的战略要道马六甲海峡和望加锡海峡,还有沟通西太平洋与印度洋的重要海峡巽他海峡。掌握和控制这些要道,不仅可巩固美国在西太平洋的海上实力,还可以拓展美国对印度洋和波斯湾的利益。

“这些海峡是重要的交通咽喉,美国已经控制住了这个位置。所谓的海洋封锁就是把一些国家抵制在陆上,随时都能堵住贸易通道和资源路线。”郭宣说。


针对这些重要的战略关口附近的海域,美国方面时常炒作其航行自由受到中国的威胁。这在李杰看来,并不存在航行自由受阻的现象。美国炒作“海上通道自由航行”,是要牢牢控制住东南亚和南海海域,实际上,它要把这些重要的关口都卡住。一旦它把海上通道和能源命脉控制住,实际上就控制了中国经济可持续发展的命脉。

但美国在东南亚的海军基地群建设却远不及东亚。此前,美国在菲律宾苏比克湾海军基地和克拉克空军基地,成为其在东南亚基地群的最重要一环。但是在1992年,美国将苏比克湾海军基地交还菲律宾后,使美国丧失了“岛链”中的一个重要据点。

“美国支持菲律宾在南海的挑衅活动,是让菲律宾来牵制或者消耗中国的力量,也为它未来重新进驻菲律宾、进驻克拉克和苏比克基地做舆论铺垫。”李杰说。

不过,美国于2001年3月在新加坡樟宜建立海军基地,暂时弥补了其失去苏比克和克拉克基地的战略空白,原来苏比克湾基地的职能已经由樟宜基地和关岛基地共同承担。

根据新加坡与美国签署的协议,樟宜海军基地为美军第7舰队及其他过往船只,包括航母等大型船只,提供后勤补给和维修服务。由于樟宜基地远逊于苏比克湾基地,功能只是提供维修、休整、补充燃料之用,制约了美国海军在该地区的利益维护。

目前,美国在积极与其他东南亚国家协商,争取使美舰艇可进入这些国家的港口补给、维护。在美国眼中,越南的金兰湾是一处可以争取的优良军港。美国防长帕内塔本月3日抵达越南军港金兰湾,这是继2010年美国国务卿希拉里•克林顿访越后,又一位重量级美国官员到访。虽然帕内塔在越南期间,并未提及租用或使用金兰湾的事宜,但是多数分析认为,美国不会放弃对金兰湾的野心。

记者 魏香镜 实习生 高红娜

(来源:南方日报)
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