The Apocalypse: A Genuine ‘Made in America’ Tradition

Published in El País
(Spain) on 9 November 2015
by Marc Bassets (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Robert Sullivan. Edited by Rachel Pott.
This is the story of a "paralyzed" country, nearing the "precipice of oblivion," with a president who imposes policies comparable to slavery. The diagnosis of the previous sentence refers to the United States. It comes from the speeches and statements of three Republican presidential candidates: Donald Trump, Texas Sen. Ted Cruz, and neurosurgeon Ben Carson. Trump and Carson are leading in the polls.

To be on the brink of an abyss, one step away from both decadence and destruction, is a recurring theme in the history of this country. It happened in the ‘50s, when the Soviets launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite; in the ‘70s, with the humiliation of Vietnam and the oil crisis; and in the ‘80s, when the Japanese economy was sweeping the United States. In the current decade, it is China.

The apocalypse has tradition, says historian Richard Hofstadter, in a book published in the ‘60s, “The Paranoid Style in American Politics.” Hofstadter wrote about former Sen. Joe McCarthy, extremist groups like the the John Birch Society, and Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater. But he could have been writing about Trump, Cruz or Carson.

This is how Hofstadter portrays a paranoid individual: "He is always manning the barricades of civilization. He constantly lives at a turning point: it is now or never in organizing resistance to conspiracy." At another point, he writes: "We are all sufferers from history, but the paranoid is a double sufferer, since he is afflicted not only by the real world, with the rest of us, but by his fantasies as well.”

Fantasies are useful in campaigns. They stroke atavistic fears of ruin or invasion: against Communism or alien invasion in the past, and now against immigrants. In English, the word "alien" means extraterrestrial and foreigner.

Fantasies work, but only to a certain point because the U.S. is also the country of optimism. Conservative heroes are not those who frown and announce the seven plagues. It was Ronald Reagan who smiled and announced a new morning in America. This is not a country of sunsets.


Esta es la historia de un país “paralítico”, que se acerca al “precipicio del olvido”, y con un presidente que impone políticas comparables a la esclavitud.El diagnóstico de la frase anterior se refiere a EE UU. Y proviene de discursos y declaraciones de tres aspirantes republicanos a la presidencia: el magnate Donald Trump, el senador por Texas Ted Cruz, y el neurocirujano Ben Carson. Trump y Carson encabezan los sondeos.
Verse al borde del abismo, a un paso de la decadencia y de la destrucción, es un motivo recurrente en la historia de este país. Ocurrió en los años 50, cuando los soviéticos lanzaron el primer satélite artificial, el Sputnik. O en los 70, con la humillación de Vietnam y la crisis del petróleo. En los 80, cuando el peligro era Japón y su economía debía barrer la de EE UU. En la última década es China.
El apocalipsis tiene tradición. Como la tiene lo que el historiador Richard Hofstadter llamó, en un libro publicado en años sesenta, “el estilo paranoide en la política americana”. Hofstadter hablaba del senador Joe McCarthy, de grupos extremistas como la sociedad John Birch o del candidato presidencial Barry Goldwater. Pero podría estar hablando de los Trump, Cruz o Carson.
Así retrata Hofstadter al paranoide: “Constantemente vive en un momento decisivo: la resistencia ante la conspiración debe organizarse ahora o nunca. El tiempo siempre se está agotando”. En otro momento, escribe: “Todos sufrimos la historia, pero el paranoide es un doble sufridor, puesto que lo que le aflige no es sólo el mundo real, como a todos nosotros, sino también sus fantasías”. En campaña las fantasías funcionan. Avivan temores atávicos: a la ruina o a la invasión. La invasión comunista o alienígena en el pasado; de inmigrantes ahora. En inglés alien significa extraterrestre y extranjero
Las fantasías funcionan, pero hasta cierto punto. Porque EE UU también es el país del optimismo. Los héroes conservadores no son los que fruncen el ceño y anuncian las siete plagas. Es Ronald Reagan, que sonreía y anunciaba un nuevo “amanecer en América”. Este no es un país de crepúsculos.
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