Behind the ‘Trump Phenomenon’

Published in Caixin
(China) on 29 July 2016
by Xiaoyan Zhang (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by William Torres. Edited by Helaine Schweitzer.
]This year's election is actually a game between white interest groups who want to maintain their influence and those progressive coalitions who want to eliminate racial discrimination caused by white interest groups.

This spring I returned home to meet with friends, and they asked, “How is it that Donald Trump is such a madman and is also so likely to be elected?” This question suggests that American democracy may be becoming problematic. How can the United States elect this kind of person? It is this sort of result that makes it easy for us Chinese people to misunderstand the American democratic system.

The democratic election is not guaranteed to choose the best leader; rather, it guarantees that voters have different candidates to choose from even if it’s between a “bad” and a “worse” option. Voters cannot choose the candidates, but they can choose from multiple candidates and utilize their political authority; this is democracy. While the difference between one and two candidates is qualitative, the difference between one and ten candidates is quantitative. Americans may elect Trump, but after a few years they can still choose to impeach him; this is why Americans have so much confidence in the democratic system.

From a sociological perspective, analyzing the “Trump Phenomenon” lets you see behind the racket of the Republican Party primaries. The core of Trump’s support is a prejudiced base of educated and skilled white Americans. They have seen that the American population is undergoing a change in composition: in 10 to 15 years, the minority population will surpass the white population. This will mean that the privileges that white citizens have enjoyed for such a long time and their domination over societal development will be fundamentally challenged. This is the inevitable outcome of the democratic system. The emergence of this change has two causes: minority birth rates, which are greater than white groups, and immigration rates, especially of illegal immigrants, which are for the most part ethnic groups. African-American President Barack Obama’s rise to power increases the white citizen’s fear of population structure change even more so. During a conversation with some local white residents, I often heard, “They are changing this country,” meaning that Barack Obama’s administration is changing this country. This fear is precisely the cause of Trump’s emergence. Trump gave a series of anti-immigrant, anti-international commerce, anti-“political correctness” and “America First” speeches that precisely pandered to these people’s mentality.

From this point of view, it can be seen that this year's election is actually a game between white interest groups who want to maintain their influence and those progressive coalitions who want to eliminate racial discrimination caused by white Interest groups. In the short-term view, the election’s outcome is unpredictable. In the long-term view, the change of American population structure is irreversible. Finally, the Republican Party and white interest groups must accept reality and blend into America’s diverse society. This is also precisely why the American democratic system is so capable of a peaceful transition. Political long-term peace and stability is a treasured place.

The author is a sociologist, current chairman of a software company and an experienced science consultant.


今年美国大选的背后其实是想继续维持白人权益的群体和要彻底消除种族歧视的少数民族与白人进步人士联盟之间的一场博弈
财新网“决策智能”专栏作家。20世纪80年代由费孝通先生推荐赴美留学。1989年获匹兹堡大学社会学博士。二十多年来遵循费老“社会学为社会服务”的教诲,将社会科学与现代信息技术相结合开发社会管理和决策支持软件系统。曾为美国联邦政府和二十几个州政府设计、建立了毒品滥用预防活动管理信息系统。2007至2010年,被美国卫生部聘为毒品滥用预防和治疗研究中心国家级顾问;同年,获得国家预防网络授予的服务金奖;2008年获得了美国安永企业家东部地区年度奖;2010年被匹兹堡地区商业周刊评为行业标兵。现任一家软件公司董事长兼资深科学顾问。
  【财新网】(专栏作家 张小彦)今年春天回国时与朋友见面常被问道:“今年美国大选是怎么回事?像特朗普这样的狂人也会被选上?”言下之意是美国的民主制度是否出了问题,怎么选出这样的人?这种以某一结果来判定一个制度的思维方式很容易使我们中国人误读美国的民主制度。
  民主选举制度的目的不是保证选出最好的领导人,而是保证选民有权在不同的候选人中选择,即使是在“坏的”和“更坏的”之间选择。一个候选人,选民没有选择。多个候选人,选民有选择,可以行使其政治权力,这就是民主。一个候选人与两个候选人是质的区别。两个候选人和十个候选人是量的区别。美国人可以把川普选上,几年后还可以把他选掉,这正是美国人对自己的民主制度有信心的表现。
  用社会学的视角深入分析一下“特朗普现象”可以看到在共和党初选喧闹声的背后,支持特朗普的核心群体是教育程度和技能偏底的美国白人。他们看到了美国社会正在发生着一个人口构成的变化:少数民族的人口将于10-15年间在全国范围内超过白人总人口。这将意味着白人长期以来无形中享受的各种特权和主导社会发展的能力会从根本上受到挑战。这是民主政治的必然结果。产生这一变化的原因有两个,一是少数民族生育率高于白人,另一个是近年来移民,特别是非法移民,绝大多数是少数民族。黑人总统奥巴马的上台更增加了白人对这一人口结构变化的恐惧。我在与当地一些白人谈话时就常常听到“They are changing this country”(他们‘指奥巴马政府’在改变这个国家)。这种恐惧正是他们出来支持特朗普的起因。特朗普发表的一系列反移民、反国际贸易、反“政治上正确”(Publically Correct)、美国第一等言论恰恰迎合了这些人的心理。
  从这个角度看,今年美国大选的背后其实是想继续维持白人权益的群体和要彻底消除种族歧视的少数民族与白人进步人士联盟之间的一场博弈。从短期来看,选举胜负难测。从长远看,美国人口结构变化无法逆转。最终共和党和白人权益群体也要接受现实,融入美国的多元社会。这也正是美国民主政治制度能够和平演进,长治久安的可贵之处。
  作者为社会学博士,现任一家软件公司董事长兼资深科学顾问
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