United States Redesignates North Korea as a State Sponsor of Terrorism

Published in Seoul Shinmun
(South Korea) on 21 November 2017
by (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Kang An. Edited by Helaine Schweitzer.
Blacklisted as a state sponsor of terrorism, North Korea’s retaliation is expected to be strong. Crisis management skills will be needed.


After nine years, the U.S. has redesignated North Korea as a state sponsor of terrorism. Lifted from the list of state sponsors of terrorism on October 2008 after agreeing to verify all of its nuclear programs, the North has been placed back on the roster. Once on the list, designated countries face sanctions based on five laws: the Arms Export Control Act, the Export Administration Act, the International Financial institutions Act, the Foreign Assistance Act, and the Trading with the Enemy Act. These laws impose a number of financial and miscellaneous sanctions, including a ban on defense exports and sales, and restrictions on U.S. foreign assistance.

North Korea is already under double and triple sanctions from the international community, so this blacklisting does not practically place any additional sanctions on the country. It is largely a symbolic move to brand the North as a rogue nation; it is also a display of the United States’ determination to continue tightly pressuring North Korea. The goal of the United States is clear: to step up pressure on North Korea until it succumbs. It is also in this context that the U.S. Treasury has decided to release new, additional sanctions that are stronger than ever. While Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said he “wants this solved diplomatically," it appears his words are nothing more than mere lip service.

It is notable that instead of blacklisting North Korea right after his trip to Asia, Donald Trump waited for President Xi Jinping of China to finish discussing his concerns with Pyongyang. Trump likely relisted North Korea after determining that the special envoy from China had failed to reach any significant agreement on North Korea’s nuclear weapons and missiles. The decisive factor for redesignating the country as a state sponsor of terrorism however, was Kim Jong Nam’s assassination and the death of American university student Otto Warmbier. Public opinion in the United States deteriorated sharply after the latter incident in particular, where the student who was a tourist in North Korea died six days after his release in June following 17 months of captivity.

For the time being, North Korea's redesignation as a state sponsor of terrorism will have a depressing impact on the Korean peninsula. A strong backlash from North Korea is inevitable, as the listing officially ousts the nation from the international community. Because North Korea considers this action to be an extension of hostile policy by the United States, it may expend even greater effort in nuclear and missile development, which it ironically considers to be its best solution. It needs to see that without a resolution of its nuclear and missile issues, it is going to be difficult not only for its economy, but for its old regime to stay in power.

Our concern in South Korea is the atmospheric shift that may descend on the Korean peninsula; from openness to dialogue to security crisis. Especially because Xi Jinping’s special envoy has failed to reach any significant agreement with the North, the crisis surrounding the Korean peninsula is expected to heighten. If we take a look at the precedent set in the past by the clash between the Kim Jong Un regime and the Trump administration, we can see that the issue has taken a turn for the worse. Under the current strategy in which we are following up North Korea’s provocations with retaliatory measures, it is impossible to solve the inherent problem. It’s time for our governments to be more flexible in designing new methods to manage the crises at hand.


불량국가 지정된 北 반발 거세질 듯…외교라인 위기관리 능력 발휘해야


미국이 9년 만에 북한을 테러지원국으로 재지정했다. 2008년 10월 북·미 간 핵 검증 합의에 따라 테러지원국에서 해제됐다가 이번에 다시 명단에 올랐다. 테러지원국 명단에 오르면 일단 무기수출통제법·수출관리법·국제금융기관법·대외원조법·적성국교역법 등 5개 법률에 근거해 제재가 시작된다. 무기 관련 수출과 판매의 금지는 물론 미국의 대외 경제원조 금지 등 다양한 금융 및 기타 분야 제재를 받는다.

북한은 국제사회로부터 이중·삼중 제재 망에 둘러싸인 상황이라 이번 조치로 실질적인 추가 제재의 효과는 별로 없다. 국제사회에서 일종의 불량국가로 낙인찍는 상징적 효과가 크다. 고강도 압박을 이어 가겠다는 미국의 상징적 의미가 크다. 미국의 목표는 명확하다. 북한이 고통을 느낄 때까지 최대한의 압박을 가하겠다는 강력한 의지의 표현이다. 미 재무부가 이번 결정과는 별도로 조만간 ‘역대 최고 수준’의 추가 대북 제재안을 발표한다는 방침도 같은 맥락이다. 렉스 틸러슨 미 국무장관은 테러지원국 재지정과 관련해 ‘여전히 외교적 해법을 선호한다’고 했지만 립서비스나 다름없다.

트럼프 대통령이 아시아 순방 이후 테러지원국 지정을 하지 않고 시진핑 중국 국가주석 특사의 방북 일정 종료 시점까지 기다렸다는 관측이 많다. 중국 특사가 북핵·미사일 문제에 대해 소기의 성과를 거두지 못했다는 자체 판단에 따른 것으로 보는 시각이 강하다. 북한을 테러지원국으로 재지정한 결정적 요인은 김정남 암살 사건과 미국인 대학생 오토 웜비어 사건이다. 특히 관광차 북한을 방문했다가 17개월간 억류된 웜비어가 지난 6월 석방된 뒤 엿새 만에 사망하면서 미국 내 여론이 급격하게 악화됐다. 북한의 테러지원국 재지정 여파는 당분간 한반도에 먹구름을 드리울 것이다. 테러지원국 자체가 국제적으로 불량국가로 낙인찍는 효과가 큰 만큼 북한의 강력한 반발이 불가피하다는 의미다. 북한은 이번 조치를 미국의 적대시 정책 연장선으로 보고 있는 만큼 핵·미사일 개발이란 자신들의 해법에 더욱 매달릴 것이다. 북핵·미사일 문제 해결 없이는 경제 건설은 물론 체제 보장도 어렵다는 점을 직시할 필요가 있다.

우리가 우려하는 것은 대화 분위기가 사라지고 한반도에서 다시 안보 위기가 시작되는 것이다. 시진핑 중국 국가주석의 특사 방북이 뚜렷한 성과를 거두지 못한 상황이라 당분간 한반도를 둘러싼 위기는 더욱 고조될 수 있다. 전례로 봐도 김정은 정권과 트럼프 행정부 간의 강 대 강 대결은 결국 문제 해결보다 사태를 더욱 악화시키는 방향으로 흘러갔다. 북한의 도발과 이에 따른 미국의 보복 압박이 되풀이되는 현재의 방식으론 본질적인 문제 해결 자체가 불가능하다. 정부 당국의 유연한 대처와 위기관리 능력이 더욱 필요한 시점이다.
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