In Sanford, the Murder of Trayvon Martin Reawakens Demons of the Past

Published in Le Monde
(France) on 31 March 2012
by Philippe Bernard (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Gillian Wright. Edited by Lydia Dallett.
“In this town, we imprison someone for killing their dog, but someone who shoots at a black boy remains free. It's a problem here and has been for a long time.” Turner Clayton delivered his sentence in a calm voice. On Saturday, it was he who opened the march of protest, the third of its kind in Sanford. The march was intended to ensure the arrest of George Zimmerman, the self-proclaimed security guard who, on Feb. 26, killed a 17-year-old high school student, Trayvon Martin. Zimmerman has not been prosecuted.

The 59 year-old Clayton, the local head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, has seen this before. The absurd death of Martin and the freeing of his murderer, Zimmerman, are only the nth episode of a continuous series of racial blunders committed by the Sanford police in a town of 53,000 inhabitants, of which 30 percent are black, and which is situated 60 km away from Disney’s “Magic Kingdom.” It's not a question of classic "police blunders." The police do not kill black people, but they have a tendency to free their murderers. "Everyone says: If George Zimmerman had been black and Trayvon Martin white, the murderer would have been arrested immediately and no one would have ever heard about it,” continues Clayton. The Trayvon Martin affair reminds him of the one involving Justin Collison, who was not arrested in 2012 after having savagely beaten a homeless black man because his father was a policeman from Sanford. It took a terribly incriminating video posted onto YouTube for justice to be served.

It also brings back the memory of the 2006 Travis McGill drama, in which a young black male was killed by a bullet in the back in a car park of one of the town's shopping centers by a guard who suspected him of wanting to steal a car. The guard was not questioned. His father was also a police officer.

This time, history is even clearer still, and therefore totally emblematic. Martin was not suspected by anyone of being a thief, since he was returning to his father's* home armed solely with a can of ice tea and a bag of candy. And George Zimmerman, who does not deny the murder, is accused of having lied by pretending to have received blows to the head. A police video shows his undamaged head just afterwards. Today, emotion has won over the whole of America, with people of all skin colors joining together. A dozen television broadcasting vehicles are constantly parked right in front of the brand-new police headquarters in Sanford. A portrait of Martin Luther King Jr. takes pride of place in Turner Clayton's modest living room. He says his fight is focused not only on the immediate issue - the demand for "justice for Trayvon Martin" - but also on the long repressed racial history of this town in central Florida.

Next to the white town, which was baptized in 1870 with the name of its founder, Henry Sanford, a major land-owner, there existed an independent black town called Goldsboro between 1891 and 1911. The second black city founded in Florida after the 1863 emancipation, it was populated by descendants of slaves employed in the citrus fruit plantations and celery fields - local specialties - as well as by the railway company that exported agricultural products to the north. The very first town in Florida to be run the same way by blacks, Eatonville, can be found near Orlando.

But in 1911, Sanford, due to a lack of land, purely and simply annexed Goldsboro. The black town councilors lost the legal battle to conserve their independence. The blacks, who were responsible for their own administration (schools, taxes, etc.), were robbed of their prerogative. They were also stripped of their identifying characteristics. The roads of Goldsboro, which bore the names of heroes of the emancipation, were de-baptized by the municipality of Sanford. Forrest Lake, the name of the mayor who decided on the annexation, was even given, for a time, to a large avenue of the former black town.

"Sanford levied taxes on the former black town, yet invested nothing into it,” explains the head of the NAACP. “It is still true today: The black district benefits solely from federal grants!" The racial map of the town, published on estate agency sites, is more explicit: The boundaries have hardly changed.

The ultimate symbol, the new police station, is at the epicenter of the Trayvon Martin affair and is situated precisely at the entry of the former Goldsboro, a district which is planted with magnificent tropical trees but terribly disadvantaged. "It's the only sign of attention from the municipality," says Clayton with irony. As Sharon Austin, head of the department of African American studies at the University of Florida, said, Martin’s death is a "painful time machine."**


* Editor’s note: Martin was, in fact, returning to the home of his girlfriend’s father.
**Editor’s note: the original quotation, accurately translated, could not be verified.


SANFORD (Floride). « Dans cette ville, on emprisonne celui qui tue son chien ; mais celui qui tire sur un garçon noir reste en liberté. C’est un problème ici, et depuis longtemps ». Turner Clayton assène sa sentence d’une voix calme. Samedi, c’est lui qui ouvre le défilé de protestation, le troisième du genre à Sanford, destiné à obtenir l’arrestation de George Zimmerman, cet agent de surveillance autoproclamé, qui, le 26 février, a tué un lycéen de 17 ans, Trayvon Martin, et n’a pas été poursuivi.
A 59 ans, le responsable local de la NAACP (National association for the advancement of coloured people), l’organisation historique de défense des Noirs américains, en a vu d’autres. La mort absurde de Trayvon Davis et la remise en liberté de son meurtrier, George Zimmerman, ne sont que le énième épisode d’une interminable série de bavures raciales commises par la police de Sanford, une ville de 53000 habitants dont 30% de Noirs, à 60 km du « Royaume magique » de Disney. Il ne s’agit pas de « bavures policières » classiques: la police ne tue pas les Noirs, elle a tendance à remettre en liberté leurs meurtriers. « Tout le monde se dit : si George Zimmerman avait été noir et Trayvon Martin blanc, le meurtrier aurait été arrêté immédiatement et personne n’en aurait jamais entendu parler », poursuit Turner Clayton. L’affaire Trayvon Martin lui rappelle celle mettant en cause Justin Collison, qui ne fut pas arrêté en 2010 après avoir frappé sauvagement un SDF noir parce que son père était un policier de Sanford. Il fallut attendre qu’une vidéo terriblement accusatrice soit publiée sur Youtube pour que la justice s’en mêle.
BHGEam82GME
Elle lui remet aussi en mémoire le drame de Travis Mc Gill, un jeune Noir tué d’une balle dans le dos sur le parking d’un centre commercial de la ville en 2006 par un vigile qui le soupçonnait de vouloir voler une voiture. Le vigile non plus, n’a pas été inquiété. Son père aussi était policier.
Mais cette fois, l’histoire est encore plus limpide et donc totalement emblématique. Trayvon Martin n’est soupçonné par personne d’être un voleur puisqu’il rentrait chez son père armé seulement d’une cannette de thé glacé et d’un sachet de confiserie. Et George Zimmerman, qui ne nie pas le meurtre, est accusé d’avoir menti en prétendant avoir reçu des coups à la tête, puisqu’une vidéo policière montre son crane impeccable juste après les faits. Aujourd'hui, l’émotion a gagné toute l’Amérique, toutes couleurs de peau confondues. Une dizaine de cars de retransmission télévisée stationnent en permanence devant le siège flambant neuf de la police de Sanford.
Un portrait de Martin Luther King trône dans le modeste salon de Turner Clayton. Mon combat, dit-il, s’inscrit non seulement dans l’immédiateté – la revendication de « justice pour Trayvon Martin » -, mais aussi dans la longue l’histoire raciale refoulée de cette ville de Floride centrale.
A côté de la ville blanche baptisée en 1870 du nom de son fondateur, Henry Sanford, un gros propriétaire foncier, a existé entre 1891 et 1911 la ville noire autonome de Goldsboro. Deuxième cité noire fondée en Floride après l’émancipation de 1863, elle était peuplée de descendants d’esclaves employés dans les plantations d’agrumes et les champs de céleri, les spécialités locales, ainsi que par la compagnie de chemin de fer qui expédiait les produits agricoles vers le nord. La toute première ville de Floride ainsi gérée par des Noirs, Eatonville, se trouve près d’Orlando.
Mais en 1911, Sanford la blanche, en manque de foncier, a purement et simplement annexé Goldsboro. Les édiles noirs ont perdu la bataille judiciaire pour conserver leur autonomie. Les Noirs, qui s’auto-administraient (école, impôts, etc) ont été dépouillés de leurs prérogatives. Ils ont aussi été dépossédés de leurs repères identitaires. Les rues de Goldsboro, qui portaient les noms de héros de l’émancipation, ont été débaptisées par la municipalité de Sanford. Le nom de Forrest Lake, le maire qui avait décidé de l’annexion, a même été donné pendant un temps à une grande avenue de l'ancienne ville noire.
« Sanford prélevait les impôts de l’ancienne ville noire, mais n’y investissait rien, explique le responsable de la NAACP. C’est toujours vrai aujourd’hui : le quartier noir bénéficie seulement de subventions fédérales ! ». La carte raciale de la ville, publiée sur les sites des agences immobilière est d’ailleurs explicite : les frontières n’ont guère changé.
Ultime symbole, le nouveau commissariat de police, épicentre de l’affaire Trayvon Martin, se situe précisément à l’entrée de l’ancienne Goldsboro, un quartier planté de magnifiques arbres tropicaux mais terriblement déshérité. « C’est la seule marque d’attention de la municipalité », ironise Turner Clayton. Comme le dit Sharon Austin, responsable du département d’études afro-américaines de l’Université de Floride, la mort de Trayvon Martin est une « douloureuse machine à remonter le temps ».
This post appeared on the front page as a direct link to the original article with the above link .

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