Decision Points

Published in El Espectador
(Colombia) on 24 November 2010
by Klaus Ziegler (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by David Brodsky. Edited by Heidi Kaufmann.
The “submarine” (waterboarding) is an old form of torture utilized in the Middle Ages, which consists of tying up the victim and putting his head in a tank of water or urine until he almost drowns — a torture that George W. Bush now admits having authorized against Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the principal architect of the Sept. 11 attacks.

In his memoirs, Bush has justified the application of this "interrogation technique" on the grounds that it helped to prevent terrorist attacks in London and the United States. This is not the first time that an American president has evoked the "exceptional case" doctrine — or to put it more bluntly, the doctrine of the double standard, to justify acts that if carried out by other governments would be considered crimes against humanity. During World War II, for example, "special measures" were decreed to remove the population of residents of Japanese origin in the western United States and confine them in "military exclusion zones" — or concentration camps, if we avoid resorting to euphemisms. The law was signed by President Roosevelt on March 21, 1942, following which date tens of thousands of innocent civilians were deported, in the manner of the SS, to concentration camps in Washington, Idaho and California.

And when between standing ovations and applause Bush declared that, "The United States makes no distinction between those who commit acts of terror and those who support and harbor them, because they're equally as guilty of murder," he was obviously not referring to terrorists who benefit from the sympathy and unconditional protection of his government, such as the Cuban Luis Posada Carriles, a former agent of the CIA now living in Miami who is accused of having blown up a Cuban airplane with 73 passengers on board and who also admits to having been responsible for bomb attacks against various hotels in Havana in 1997.

Bush's confessions won't surprise anyone, coming as they do from a cynic who thought he could evade the Geneva Convention by using the semantic artifice "enemy combatants" to categorize prisoners held for an indefinite period of time, without right of trial, in "beautiful, sunny Guantanamo Bay," as Donald Rumsfeld once referred to this fearful prison. There can be no doubt that the former president will be remembered, not only for his theological defense of torture and for having destroyed a country under fabricated pretenses, but also for his contributions to Human Rights law, such as his innovation of "torture light" and "enhanced interrogation techniques" that, albeit "robust," don't leave any permanent damage. Neither will the world forget his example with respect to life, as exemplified by his signature while governor of Texas on more than one-third of the execution orders in the history of the state.

There is only a remote probability that someday Bush, along with Rumsfeld and his henchmen, will be put on trial for war crimes. Perhaps it may then serve as some consolation to reflect that at least in Britain, seven former detainees of that "idyllic" prison (Guantanamo) and other prisons in Pakistan will receive millions in compensation from the British government after having won their case, claiming complicity of British secret services in the tortures to which they were subjected. One of them will receive a million pounds — an amount, however, which appears derisory in comparison with the likely profits to be generated by the 1.8 million copies of "Decision Points," the autobiography of this former president, the scourge of democracy.

It would be worthwhile to remind this champion of "family values" that many of the hygienic interrogation techniques employed in his crusade against terrorism — such as the practice of bathing prisoners in human excrement, used in Abu Ghraib — were also routinely employed by the Nazis with the aim of psychologically and morally destroying their prisoners in the extermination camps. In both the Iraqi and Guantanamo prisons, psychological and moral annihilation was carried out in the same manner as in the German concentration camps: by means of terror, deprivation and humiliation.

In Buchenwald, for example, psychological destruction began when the new arrival discovered that there was no toilet paper to be found anywhere. Sooner or later all of them began to suffer from digestive problems and dysentery; urine and feces poured down the prisoners' legs, and during the night involuntary discharges filtered through the planks of the upper bunks and fell on the faces of those sleeping underneath and, mixed with pus and urine, formed a pestilent and slippery slime on the barracks' floor. Within weeks, the condemned had become "putrefying corpses moving on two legs," and "stinking repulsive skeletons who died in their own excrement.”

It's difficult to know whether Bush's candid confessions are the product of his limited intelligence or of the unbounded cynicism of an individual who knows that he is above the law. "Decision Points" will no doubt occupy a distinguished place in the annals of infamy, a book to which pictures of the Iraqi prisoners in Abu Ghraib smeared from head to foot with human excrement will have to be attached, followed by photos of those who premeditated this barbarity in their luxurious offices in Washington.

In a civilized society it is intolerable that respect for laws should coexist along with a total impunity for terrorists and torturers. Bush's memoirs confirm once again the prophetic maxim of George Orwell that the language of politics consists "largely [in] the defense of the indefensible ... [in] euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness.”




El “submarino” es una antigua forma de tortura practicada durante la Edad Media, que consiste en maniatar a la víctima e introducirla de cabeza en un tanque con agua u orina hasta casi ahogarla, un tormento que ahora George W. Bush reconoce haber autorizado contra el principal arquitecto de los atentados del 11 de septiembre, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.

En sus memorias, Bush ha justificado la aplicación de esta “técnica de interrogación” con el argumento de que ayudó a prevenir ataques terroristas en Londres y Estados Unidos. No es la primera vez que un presidente estadunidense evoca la “doctrina de la excepcionalidad”, o en palabras llanas, la doctrina de la doble moral, para justificar actos que de ser perpetrados por otros gobiernos serían considerados crímenes de lesa humanidad. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, por ejemplo, se decretaron “medidas especiales” para cazar a la población de origen japonés residente en el país americano y confinarla en “zonas de exclusión militar”, o campos de concentración si soslayamos los eufemismos. La ley fue firmada por el presidente Roosevelt el 21 de marzo de 1942, tras lo cual decenas de miles de civiles inocentes fueron deportados, al mejor estilo de la SS, a campos de concentración en Washington, Idaho y California.

Y cuando entre ovaciones y aplausos Bush expresó que “Estados Unidos no distingue entre terroristas y quienes los apoyan, porque igualmente son culpables de asesinato”, no se refería, por supuesto, a terroristas que gozan de la simpatía y la protección incondicional de su gobierno, como el cubano Luis Posada Carriles, un ex agente de la CIA residente en Miami, acusado de haber volado un avión cubano con 73 pasajeros abordo, quien también admite ser el responsable de los atentados con bombas contra varios hoteles en La Habana, en 1997.

Las confesiones de Bush no sorprenden a nadie, proviniendo de un cínico que cree evadir la Convención de Ginebra mediante el artificio semántico de llamar “combatientes enemigos” a prisioneros detenidos por término indefinido, y sin derecho a juicio, en “el soleado y paradisíaco Guantánamo”, como alguna vez se refirió Donald Rumsfeld a esta pavorosa prisión. No hay duda de que el ex mandatario será recordado, no solo por su defensa teológica de la tortura, o por haber destruido un país bajo pretextos fabricados, sino también por sus aportes al Derecho Internacional Humanitario, como su novedoso concepto de “tortura suave”, métodos “legítimos” de interrogación que, “aunque rudos, no dejan secuelas permanentes”. El mundo tampoco olvidará su ejemplar respeto a la vida, manifiesto en la firma durante su época de gobernador de más de un tercio de todas las ejecuciones en la historia de Texas.

Son remotas las probabilidades de que Bush, junto con Rumsfeld y sus secuaces sean algún día juzgados por crímenes de guerra. Quizá sirva de consuelo pensar que al menos en Inglaterra siete ex detenidos en la “idílica” prisión y otras cárceles en Pakistán recibirán millonarias indemnizaciones de su gobierno tras ganar una demanda por complicidad de los servicios secretos británicos en las torturas a las que fueron sometidos. Uno de ellos recibirá un millón de libras, cifra irrisoria en comparación con las ganancias editoriales que se anticipan por la publicación de 1.8 millones de ejemplares de “Momentos decisivos”, la autobiografía de este ex presidente, Chapulín de la democracia.

Es conveniente recordarle a este adalid de los “valores familiares”, que muchas de las higiénicas técnicas de interrogación utilizadas en su cruzada contra el terrorismo, como la práctica de bañar a los prisioneros en excrementos humanos, utilizada en Abu Ghraib, fueron también ejercitadas en forma rutinaria por los Nazis con el fin de lograr la destrucción sicológica y moral de los prisioneros en los campos de exterminio. Tanto en las cárceles Iraquíes como en Guantánamo, la aniquilación síquica y moral se lograba de igual forma que en los campos de concentración alemanes: por medio del terror, las privaciones y la humillación.

En Buchenwald, por ejemplo, la destrucción síquica se iniciaba cuando el recién llegado descubría que no había papel higiénico en ningún lado. Tarde o temprano todos comenzaban a enfermar del estómago y a sufrir disentería; los orines y las heces chorreaban por las piernas de los prisioneros, y durante la noche las evacuaciones involuntarias se filtraban entre las maderas de los camarotes superiores y caían en la cara de aquellos que dormían debajo, mezcladas con pus y orina para formar un barro pestilente y resbaloso sobre el piso de las barracas. En pocas semanas los condenados se convertían en “cuerpos putrefactos que se movían sobre dos piernas”, en “esqueletos hediondos y repulsivos que morían en su propio excremento”.

Es difícil saber si las cándidas confesiones de Bush son producto de su limitada inteligencia, o del cinismo descomunal de un individuo que se sabe por encima de la ley. “Momentos decisivos” ocupará sin duda un lugar distinguido en los anales de la infamia, un libro al que habría que anexar las imágenes de prisioneros Iraquíes en Abu Ghraib untados de pies a cabeza de excrementos humanos, seguidas de las fotografías de quienes premeditaron y concibieron la barbarie desde sus lujosas oficinas en Washington.

Es intolerable que en una sociedad civilizada, el respeto por las leyes coexista con la total impunidad para terroristas y torturadores. Sus memorias confirman una vez más la profética sentencia de Orwell, de que el idioma de la política consiste en la defensa de lo indefendible, en eufemismos, peticiones de principio y pura y simple vaguedad.
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