Democracy Tested by Images

Published in Le Temps
(Switzerland) on 27 May 2009
by Luc Debraine (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Drue Fergison. Edited by Robin Silberman.
Tomorrow, Thursday, Barack Obama was supposed to have made public the photos of prisoners tortured in Iraq and in Afghanistan by their American jailers. Yet, after having listened to his generals, Obama went back on his initial decision, which was that of transparency in accordance with his first gesture as president-elect: re-criminalizing torture.

According to Obama, his act of censorship was motivated by two reasons. One, that the photos would not have illuminated what we already knew. The other, that the divulgence of such images would have endangered American troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. When they appeared at the end of April 2004, didn’t the snapshots of Abu Ghraib up the world’s anti-Americanism by a notch?

This hypothesis of the blaster-photos is fought, even in the United States. Some believe that their most ferocious enemies do not need pretexts to be hardliners. Others think that you must show everything, say everything, even if it could threaten the country’s security. This is the price democracies have to pay to progress.

But photos have an immediate power of persuasion that text doesn’t have. Before April 2004, articles described the torture practiced in American prisons. Nobody reacted. But when the images were published, indignation was as sudden as it was total. It’s a question of language: that of the photographer is immediately comprehensible. It hits hard and is memorized well. Barack Obama, the most photographed person in the world, knows that. A photo is sometimes like a ticking time bomb. To show or not to show the unspeakable: a difficult dilemma for a president enamored of freedom, including that of informing.


Demain jeudi, Barack Obama aurait dû rendre publiques les photos de prisonniers torturés en Irak et en Afghanistan par leurs geôliers américains. Or, après avoir écouté ses généraux, Barack Obama est revenu sur sa décision initiale, qui était celle de la transparence, en accord avec son premier geste de président élu: recriminaliser la torture.

Son acte de censure a été selon lui motivé par deux raisons. L’une est que les photos ne nous auraient pas appris davantage que nous ne sachions déjà. L’autre raison est que la divulgation de telles images aurait mis en danger les troupes américaines en Irak et en Afghanistan. Les clichés d’Abou Ghraib, lorsqu’ils sont apparus fin avril 2004, n’ont-ils pas fait monter d’un cran l’antiaméricanisme dans le monde?

Cette hypothèse de photos-boutefeux est combattue aux Etats-Unis mêmes. Certains y estiment que leurs ennemis les plus féroces n’ont pas besoin de prétextes pour être jusqu’au-boutistes. D’autres pensent qu’il faut tout montrer, tout dire, même ce qui peut nuire à la sécurité d’un pays. C’est à ce prix-là que les démocraties progressent.

Reste que la photo a un pouvoir immédiat de persuasion que n’a pas le texte. Avant avril 2004, des articles avaient décrit la torture pratiquée dans les prisons américaines. Personne n’avait réagi. Mais lorsque les images ont été publiées, l’indignation a été aussi subite que totale. C’est une affaire de langage: celui de la photographie est immédiatement compréhensible. Il se mémorise bien et tape fort. Barack Obama, la personne la plus photographiée au monde, le sait bien. Une photo est parfois une grenade dégoupillée. Montrer, ne pas montrer l’innommable: dur dilemme pour un président épris de liberté, y compris celle d’informer.
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