Niels Bjerre-Poulsen: Republican Party Now So Fundamentally Divided, It Would Have Split in 2 If US Had Different Political System

Published in Raeson
(Denmark) on 17 February 2021
by Niels Bjerre-Poulsen, interview by Jeppe Grand (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Benedicte Thymann Nielsen. Edited by Gillian Palmer.
The business wing of the Republican Party was forced to go really far afield under Donald Trump’s watch. Moreover, when it involved the very foundation of democracy, matters became too much. Therefore, one can say this: Republicans have to win the battle to expel Donald Trump and the Trumpists from the party for good. If they are to stay in a party that is Trump’s party rather than the historical Republican Party, it will be very difficult for them to look in the mirror.

On Jan. 6, the U.S. Capitol in Washington was attacked and looted. The attackers threatened to kill select members of Congress and hang Vice President Mike Pence. The riots were not spontaneous, and the timing was not random. The intruders were there at Trump's urging, and they were there to prevent Congress from carrying out the duty that the Constitution imposes on it, namely to certify a democratic election and a peaceful transfer of power.

Before the onslaught on Congress, the president's eldest son, Donald Trump Jr., was among those who incited his father's supporters. “This isn't their Republican Party anymore. This is Donald Trump's Republican Party," he said. Was he right? Has a personality cult taken over one of America's two major parties, and if so, where does that place American democracy in the coming years?

We asked researcher in American studies and history Niels Bjerre-Poulsen these and other questions. As part of RÆSON's new interview series, “Guest at RÆSON,” he dives into the crisis the Republican Party is currently experiencing.

REASON: Do you want to start by outlining what type of party the Republican Party was in the decade leading up to Trump’s rise to power?

NIELS BJERRE-POULSEN: I would rather go even further back and say this: Since its founding in the 1850s, the Republican Party has had many different viewpoints. First, it supported free market labor unlike the Democrats, who had adopted a pro-slavery platform. From the 1880s onward, it then became primarily a pro-business party. From time to time, conflicts over its foreign policy divided the Republican Party internally. At other times, the main issue that divided the blocs was the role of the federal government and how far it was prepared to extend its involvement.

In the early 1960s, and among conservatives, the idea of a “me, too” Republican emerged, which was someone who wanted almost the same thing as the Democrats. On the opposing side, you would find the “real” conservatives. In the 1990s, the conservatives called the moderate Republicans “RINOs,” which meant “Republicans in name only.” Often, what divided the party has been a matter of the degree to which one would acknowledge that the federal government had an important role to play in the economy, for example, in building infrastructure or imposing tariff barriers. Now we face a situation where the divisiveness has to do with something completely different: whether you are for or against Trump.

It is also worth noting that in looking back at the ‘60s, a very common complaint in American politics was that the two parties were too similar. Back then, regional factors could easily determine whether you were a Republican or a Democrat. You could be 100% conservative, but if you lived in the South, you were a Democrat. This all built on the belief that Abraham Lincoln's party, which was in essence the Republican Party, conquered and forced the Southern states back into the Union.

If you were a Republican and lived in the Midwest, then you were a true conservative and believed that the federal government should interfere as little as possible in your life. Conversely, if you were Republican and lived in California or New York, you may even have been progressive. During the ‘60s and ‘70s, the two parties exchanged voters, thus forming in principle one conservative and one liberal party. Many conservative Southern Democrats opted to join the Republican Party, and the progressive Republicans became either independent or perhaps Democrats.

The two parties distanced themselves even more from each other, which led to another problem, as they did not have a political system like the Danish do. In essence, the Danish political system is a multiparty system, where parties can form coalitions and implement political agendas. The American system, on the other hand, falls short if two parties are equally influential. Add to this the fact that voters perceive it as betrayal if the parties cooperate across the political spectrum, which is otherwise an integral part of this system. The result is that neither party can pass legislation, and that nothing really happens in D.C. It makes voters angry with Congress, and they describe Washington as a "swamp" where nothing happens.

On top of that, consider the type of party the Republican Party has become. Since it does not go to D.C. to pass legislation, but only to prevent legislation from being passed, you have a recipe for real political deadlock. In some sense, this paves the way for people like Trump, who as an outsider proclaims that he can run America like his business, and can come up with solutions that none of the politicians can. This quickly yields to what we have seen: a cult of personality built around one person as a type of savior, rather than the leader of a political party as political party leaders have traditionally been.

You characterize the divisiveness in the Republican Party as having changed. Previously the divisiveness dealt with the issue of how critical one should be of the federal government, and now it deals with the question of whether you are for or against Trump. Has underlying Republican Party policy or party ideology, if you prefer, not changed?

The question is to what extent we can actually talk about an ideology. For the first time, the Republican Party chose not to adopt a convention party platform for 2020, and this said a great deal. Instead, it simply chose to endorse Trump.

In 2016, Trump gave essentially everyone in the party what they wanted; by doing this, he became very successful. The business wing wanted lower taxes and lower corporate taxes in particular, and the conservatives wanted judges who would shoot down any progressive legislation that might slip through Congress. They got all this. The evangelical Christians got their conservative judges, abortion resistance, etc.

This was possible because at heart, Trump is a nihilist. He has no political program other than perhaps that which is about his own status. He has no deep ideological conviction about which path the United States should follow, nor what direction the Republican Party must take. Therefore, it was no big sacrifice for him to give all camps within the Republican Party what they wanted most.

The business wing of the Republican Party, one might call it, could, for the most part, live with what they did not like, such as weird tweets and perhaps political issues they were decidedly against, such as trade wars, tariff barriers and the exits from the Paris climate agreement, World Health Organization, etc. They could accept all that because they got what they were most interested in: low taxes and deregulation. In that respect, Trump was a skilled tactician. On the other hand, it has now become clear that the United States has ended up in a completely different place than where that bloc of the party wanted the country and party to go. Moreover, in recent months, Trump has brought that conflict out into the open, especially in regard to the attack on American democracy, which I believe his coup attempt was.

Thus, a line has been drawn between those who are primarily Trump supporters on one side, and the business wing or the traditional Republicans on the other side. The first group has quite clearly signaled they are less interested in democratic elections than in keeping Trump in power. Instead of having a division between those who are more or less conservative, we now have a division between people who basically recognize that the pillars of democracy are free elections and a peaceful transfer of power, and on the other hand those who say, “No, we just want Trump.”

Is Trump a symptom of the problem, or has he, in fact, set the problem in motion himself? The Republicans have won three of the last eight elections in the United States, but they have only won the popular vote once. In the context of the American two-party system, what challenge did this historically large party fail to solve?

I think you nailed it. It has to do with the demographic challenge. It is a paramount issue for the entire discussion about whether Trump is a symptom or whether he has also exacerbated the conflict.

Let us start by looking at the exact areas where Trump claims election fraud took place. These are typically areas with large minority representation; the Black voters in Detroit and Black voters in Philadelphia. He does not complain about the suburbs. This is actually ironic; perhaps because he mainly lost the election in the suburbs. However, he asserts that the problem is that the wrong voters were allowed to vote. We have now reached the core of the problem faced by the Republican Party. Demographic changes in the United States have resulted in a situation where white voters represent a shrinking part of the total electorate, at least if you mobilize all the minority voters, as the Democrats managed to do this time.

For decades, the Republican Party has been aware that demographic development was a challenge because the party is predominantly composed of white voters. Some Republicans have said they need to make the tent bigger. One of the ways to achieve this was to draft immigration reform. They did not want to be labeled as a party that stood primarily for white Americans, which was why they had to support this reform.

Several prominent Republicans shared that view, such as John McCain, Lindsay Graham and perhaps Mitt Romney. For reasons we shall not discuss today, Graham ended up as one of Trump's loyal supporters even though he once advocated making the party more inclusive. The Republicans were well aware they might lose some elections along the way. However, they realized that the situation did not offer a way out unless they could prevent segments of American people from voting. On top of that, they could not tolerate the fact that the only chance they had of winning elections was through the Electoral College process, because they were unable to win the popular vote.

One way to address the demographic challenge was to appeal more broadly to the fastest growing minority group in the United States, Latinos. In particular, this is why in 2000, the Republicans chose George W. Bush as their presidential candidate. He was a governor from Texas who enjoyed relatively strong support from Latino voters. Later on, other candidates were in play, including his brother, Jeb Bush, who served as governor of Florida and could potentially appeal to a fair number of Latino voters.

This strategy provoked a strong reaction from among some of the grassroots elements of the Republican Party, which said it was not fair that illegal immigrants should be rewarded for having entered the country illegally, and even been granted citizenship, and so forth. These Republicans said that if the U.S. started granting citizenship to immigrants in the U.S. illegally, it would accelerate the demographic trend that was already working against them. I think Trump took advantage of this uprising within the Republican Party. This was precisely the reason why, from the beginning, he was particularly keen to claim that Barack Obama was not a legitimate president, asserting that his birth certificate was a forgery.

How do you explain the fact that Republicans ended up with Trump and Trumpism when they realized they had to make the tent bigger?

That was exactly the problem. Leading Republicans did support the first rationale, but then we saw this dramatic reaction from the lower ranks of the party, who said they could not accept this. In that way, Trump was a kind of protest candidate running against the establishment.

After all, during the 2016 primaries, the battlefield was full of Republican candidates. To most people's surprise, Trump beat out candidates who had plenty of money and support from the entire party, such as Jeb Bush or Florida Sen. Marco Rubio. Consequently, there was an internal rebellion within the Republican Party.

The fact that Trump actually won made it harder for the party. He showed that he could win despite the demographic changes in American society. He could probably not win the popular vote, and in polls at any point during those four years his approval would not reach 50%, but he could win the presidency.

If only the outcome in certain states had been different, Trump would, in fact, not have been that far from winning reelection. If we look at the total electorate, it certainly was a massive loss. He lost by 7 million votes, but he still got more votes than any previous losing candidate. So, he actually managed to mobilize certain voters who would probably not have voted for the Republican Party had Trump not been the party's candidate.

Quite cynically right now, one of the big dilemmas faced by future Republican presidential candidates is whether they want to scare away the voters Trump drew out. If they are more afraid of losing those voters than transforming the entire party's image, it will be difficult for the party. This is the battle – I would almost go so far as to say civil war – that is currently going on within the Republican Party. Against all odds, Trump achieved a great deal in 2016 and 2020, and the question remains whether the party should build upon these achievements.

When you evaluate Trump's tangible achievements and recall what he promised voters in 2016, he largely failed to deliver on his promises. Nonetheless, a cult-like following of Republican voters has formed around him. Millions of them are convinced that he was an excellent president and did really well. In contrast, let us compare, for example, the way Trump handled the COVID-19 crisis with how it has been handled in other countries. At the executive level, it is painfully apparent that Trump’s presidency was a train wreck.

Yet, we are witnessing not just support but something resembling worship of him as some kind of savior. It is a challenging situation for other aspiring Republican politicians who want to run for president; how do they adopt those voters, or at least avoid making them angry? Recently, this dilemma became evident as the impeachment trial unfolded, because aspiring Republican politicians had a very hard time distancing themselves from him.

After something that strikes me as a flagrant attack on democracy, are you surprised that so many people still back Trump?

This depends on an examination of their motives. What do they hope to get? Do they want to avoid being at odds with Trump supporters? I think that applies to many members of Congress. It is a real threat to them; it is not just an abstract threat about winning voters. Some politicians genuinely fear for their life and limb if they clash with the president. We are talking about politicians who are encouraged to go out and buy safety vests and protection because they receive threats from Trump supporters. And remember, they also receive threats from Republican politicians.

Note, for example, that Trump voters wanted to hang Pence, someone who has been one of the most loyal vice presidents one could ever imagine. Trump got the idea that Pence could determine the outcome of an entire election, and that he could reject the result of a democratic election. Well, Pence had to tell Trump that he did not have such authority. Certifying the vote from 50 states was purely a formality. Yet after this, some people were willing to hang him because he did not do what he had no power to do. The threat is definitely concrete enough, so I think an element of fear is part of the equation.

Of course, some Republican politicians just want Trump's voters, or at least don’t want to fight with them. They do not want to be the ones to convict the president. The purpose of convicting a president who has left office is not the verdict as such, but rather the fact it would bar Trump from ever running for federal office again. Moreover, some of the politicians who want Trump's voters fear he will run for president again in four years. Some Republicans most definitely wish this were not possible, but they cannot even agree to make this happen and find him guilty.

Let us build upon what you just said, that the Republicans have adopted a policy in which they hide behind a cult of personality surrounding Trump. At the beginning, we discussed the statement made by Trump's son that now it was no longer the Republican Party, but Trump's party. Can we challenge that idea somewhat? A large group of voters wants to vote for Trump, but is there a project which can be undertaken without this Trump person?

This very interesting debate goes on almost daily in the United States; it revolves around the question of whether Trump is such a unique figure that only he can be the leader of such a Trumpist cult. There has been much discussion about whether there is the possibility of a “Trump 2.0,” as in a new political figure who could appeal to the same sentiment among voters, but at the same time, be significantly better qualified than Trump.

Some Trump opponents count themselves as lucky because he was so incompetent and had such a short attention span. Almost none of the projects he talked about were successful, with the only exception of projects that could be completed largely on 24-hours notice, such as pulling the U.S. out of the Iran nuclear deal or the Paris climate agreement or the World Health Organization. Anything that could be implemented by executive order.

If we look at specific pieces of legislation, essentially, I can think of only one major success. I am referring to the tax reform adopted in December 2017, which was largely a Republican Party project. When it comes to legislation, this is pretty much the only deal from Trump’s term that will make it into the history books. The fear among Republicans has been that someone might be out there with the same populist magnetism that Trump has, but who also possesses excellent political skill. The question arises whether that fear will have any bearing. The cult is, in fact, one that involves Trump’s personality, and I can hardly imagine that anybody else can replace him, no matter if it is Tom Cotton, Ted Cruz or Josh Hawley, all of whom hope to be the one to fill the role after Trump.

Moreover, that is, of course, a dilemma. Even with Trump on board, Republicans lost the majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, and Trump did not win the popular vote in two elections. Although we may be impressed that he got 74 million votes, Biden won 81 million votes, so the vote for Trump is still not enough. If one cannot win either the popular vote or a majority in the Electoral College, the question that comes to mind is whether the Republicans’ approach is effective.

As long as Trump delivered results to the business wing of the party in the form of tax reductions and deregulation, they were ready to ignore everything else. However, after his final actions as president played out during the attack on the very foundation of American democracy, one might ask if “ignoring everything else” is viable. Is it sustainable if it is necessary to continue taking even more aggressive measures to prevent an increasing segment of the American population from voting?

Alternatively, you could actually cancel the popular vote if it does not play out in the desired manner. Some 147 members of the House of Representatives were ready to do just that. Some politicians were even willing to cancel all the votes from their home state. Then we are in a completely different place, and that is a completely different form of government than democracy.

The fact that you mention Trump has somehow not been successful in prior elections is interesting. We have to recognize that he engaged many voters to vote, but he still lost. Again, why don’t the Republicans renounce Trump?

Francis Fukuyama predicted that it will be several years before we fully understand what type of phenomenon Trump is. We can come up with all sorts of logical explanations; Trump has appealed to certain constituencies which Republicans failed to energize. There are clearly people in the Republican Party who believe that Trump has shown that it can become a working class party. When they say a “working class party,” they mean white workers. The Democratic Party still gets the most workers’ votes.

White identity politics has largely driven Trump’s voters. It finally reached a point where it is no longer compatible with the democratic principles that most Republicans, after all, want to see upheld. On Jan. 6, when angry Trump voters marched to Congress and said, “This is our country, and we have the right to enter Congress, because this is our country and we have paid for the politicians’ offices,” and so forth, it was largely based on the view that the country was theirs because they are white.

It was not based on the belief that they were citizens along with 325 million other Americans. Rather, it was based on the perception that white people have special privileges. This is also the reason why they did not consider it to be an apparent problem to cancel the election results not only from several states, but specifically from places with large concentrations of minority voters. Apparently, they could not accept having lost an election because people in Philadelphia or Detroit voted differently. Therefore, we have reached the limit for how far at least some in the Republican Party are willing to go to support Trump.

You have described the for or against Trump divisiveness in the Republican Party as an actual civil war. As you know, the United States is a two-party system. Given that a crucial party has sunk into a deep identity crisis in which its vision does not have full support, how does that affect American democracy?

American democracy is confronted with a very difficult dilemma because it is a two-party system by nature. In every election in the United States, there have been other parties, but they are like bees; they sting and then they die. They address a problem that neither of the two major parties is dealing with, and then they get absorbed into one of the parties.

The divisiveness within the Republican Party is now so fundamental that it would obviously have split into two parties if the United States had a different system , for example, a multiparty parliamentary system as we have. Allow me to elaborate on what I said before. The business wing of the Republican Party has been extremely flexible. Under Trump, they have had to give up on values that were fundamental to what they believe the Republican Party should represent: globalization, a liberal world order, free trade, etc. When the very foundation of democracy was at stake, it became too much for them.

In essence, one could say this: It will be very difficult for Republicans to look at themselves in the mirror if they do not win this fight, kick Trump and the Trumpists out of the party, and never look back. Otherwise, they will become members of Trump's party rather than members of the historical Republican Party. It is fair when people say, well then, there must be two Republican parties, but the American system is not really designed to have a three-party system. Consequently, if the Republican Party were to split into two, it would mean that neither of these new parties would ever win an election again.

When we look a little further ahead in time and leave behind the aftermath of the Trump era, what do you think the Republican Party’s vision is going to look like?

Part of it depends on whether one believes Trump will continue to be a powerful figure in American politics, and it does not matter if he is only active on the sidelines. If in four years’ time, he is still active on the sidelines and either decides to run for president or just announces that he is considering it, the discussion is completely different. It matters whether he continues to dictate or at least influence how Republican politicians behave. It matters whether he punishes those who are not loyal or who distance themselves from him and his term as president.

It is a completely different situation if you expel him once and for all. Some hope secretly that because he is no longer on Twitter, this will eventually cause him to fade away and lose status as a political figure.

The question is whether we will see one of his children follow in his footsteps. When Trump gave his children influential jobs, he did this more so because he was trying to establish an oligarchy than because he thought his son or daughter were amazing political geniuses. He has tried to create a family dynasty, and if one of them or if he himself continues to stand on the sidelines, it is going to be very difficult for the Republican Party in the future.

Do I hear you say that despite the attack on Congress and despite the developments we have described, for now, the Republicans have chosen a Trumpist approach in which they do not denounce him. However, they still haven’t chosen a new direction; it is still up in the air as to whether they will fully join Trump’s camp. Is this your viewpoint?

The problem is that no real political project exists anymore. We only talk about “owning the libs,” that is, “upsetting the liberals,” and we do this in different ways. At the Republican National Convention, I think it spoke for itself that they chose not to adopt a party platform at all.

Republican voters want tax reductions, deregulation, etc., and in examining environmental regulation, for example, Trump just rolled back 200 environmental regulations. The rationale behind this deregulation was the belief that human behavior is not responsible for climate change.

Joe Biden's argument to restore these laws is that climate change is real, and in the end, it will be more expensive for the American economy not to do anything than to do something now. If the Republicans continue along Trump's lines, it means they are betting on the idea that they do not care about climate change. Trump could not care less; in his view, man-made climate change does not exist. As he said, “The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.” That alone is a premise for doing nothing.

If you want to continue down Trump's path, you should eliminate every policy applicable to the American business industry. However, many corporations are not interested in that. They do not want to live in a bubble where they have a completely different view of basic scientific facts than the rest of the world. During the last four years, we have witnessed red and blue states fighting over this issue. Trump has firmly waged war with states such as California because it maintained the standards outlined in the Paris climate agreement. Trump also fought with a number of other states like Texas, which has no interest and sees no future in pretending that climate change does not have a role to play.

*Editor's Note: The original language publication of this article is accessible with a paid subscription.


Splittelsen i Det Republikanske Parti er nu så fundamental, at de havde delt sig i to partier, hvis USA havde haft et andet politisk system

“Businessfløjen i Det Republikanske Parti har måtte strække sig virkelig langt under Trump. Og da det nåede til selve demokratiets fundament, blev det alligevel for meget for dem. Derfor kan man sige: Hvis ikke de vinder denne kamp om at få uddrevet Trump og trumpisterne fra partiet én gang for alle, så bliver det meget svært for dem at se sig selv i spejlet, hvis de skal blive i et parti, som er Trumps parti snarere end det traditionelle Republikanske Parti.”

Den 6. januar 2021 blev Kongressen i Washington, D.C. angrebet og plyndret. Angriberne truede med at dræbe udvalgte medlemmer af Kongressen og hænge vicepræsident Mike Pence. Urolighederne var ikke spontane, og timingen var ikke tilfældig: De indtrængende var der på præsident Trumps opfordring, og de var der for at forhindre den lovgivende forsamling i at udføre den funktion, som Forfatningen pålægger den, nemlig at godkende et demokratisk valg og en fredelig magtoverdragelse.

Inden stormløbet på Kongressen, var præsidentens ældste søn, Don, Jr. blandt dem, der havde opildnet faderens tilhængere: ”Dette er ikke deres Republikanske Parti mere, dette er Donald Trumps Republikanske Parti,” udtalte han. Havde han ret? Er et af USA’s to store partier blevet overtaget af en personkult, og hvis ja, hvor stiller det så det amerikanske demokrati i de kommende år?

De og andre spørgsmål har vi stillet USA-eksperten Niels Bjerre-Poulsen i RÆSONs nye interviewserie, Gæst hos RÆSON, hvor han dykker ned i den krise, Det Republikanske Parti i øjeblikket befinder sig i.

RÆSON: Vil du starte med at skitsere, hvordan Det Republikanske Parti var som parti i årtiet op til, at Donald Trump kom til magten?
NIELS BJERRE-POULSEN: Jeg vil næsten hellere gå endnu længere tilbage og sige: Det Republikanske Parti har været mange forskellige ting, siden det blev stiftet i 1850’erne. Først var det partiet for fri arbejdskraft overfor Demokraternes støtte til slaveri og plantagedrift. Fra 1880’erne og frem blev det derefter først og fremmest erhvervslivets parti. Der har været perioder, hvor det primært har været udenrigspolitiske stridigheder, der skilte grupperne indenfor Det Republikanske Parti, mens det på andre tidspunkter har været, hvor stor en rolle man var parat til at give den føderale regering.

I begyndelsen af 60’erne opstod dét man – hvis man var konservativ – kaldte en ”me too”-Republikaner – altså én, der grundlæggende ville næsten det samme som Demokraterne. Over for det stod de ”ægte” konservative. I 1990’erne kaldte de konservative de moderate Republikanere for ”RINO’s”: Republicans in name only. Tit har dét, der splittede partiet, derfor været, hvor meget man ville anerkende, at den føderale regering havde en vigtig rolle at spille i økonomien – fx med at bygge infrastruktur eller toldmure. Men nu er vi i en situation, hvor skillelinjen går et helt andet sted: nemlig for og imod Donald Trump.

Det er også værd at hæfte sig ved, at hvis vi går tilbage til 1960’erne, så var det en meget almindelig klage i amerikansk politik, at de to partier lignede hinanden for meget. På den tid kunne det let være regionale faktorer, der afgjorde, om man var Republikaner eller Demokrat: Man kunne være stokkonservativ, men hvis man boede i Syden, så var man Demokrat. Det skyldtes, at det var Lincolns parti – altså Det Republikanske Parti – der havde erobret og tvunget Sydstaterne tilbage ind i Unionen.

Hvis man var Republikaner og boede i Midtvesten, så var man meget konservativ og syntes, at den føderale regering skulle blande sig så lidt som muligt i ens liv. Omvendt, hvis man var Republikaner og boede i Californien eller New York, så var man måske ligefrem progressiv. Dét, der skete i løbet af 60’erne og 70’erne, var, at de to partier byttede vælgere, så man i højere grad fik et konservativt og et liberalt parti. Mange af de konservative Sydstatsdemokrater endte i Det Republikanske Parti, og de progressive Republikanere blev enten uafhængige eller måske Demokrater.

Så opstod det problem, at de to partier i stadigt højere grad var skarpt adskilt fra hinanden uden at have et politisk system som det danske: dvs. et flerpartisystem, hvor man kan bygge koalitioner og få politik gennemført. Det amerikanske system bliver derimod et problem, hvis man har to partier, der er næsten lige store, og vælgerne opfatter det som tilnærmelsesvist forræderi, hvis man samarbejder hen over midten, som systemet ellers lægger op til. Så kan der ikke blive vedtaget lovgivning, og så sker der ikke rigtig noget i Washington D.C. Det gør, at vælgerne bliver sure på Washington og synes, at det bare er en ”sump”, hvor ingenting sker.

Hvis man så ovenikøbet får et parti, som Det Republikanske Parti har udviklet sig til, der ikke kommer til D.C. for at få vedtaget ting, men kun for at forhindre ting i at blive vedtaget, så har man opskriften på en virkelig politisk hårdknude. Det inviterer på en måde til folk som Donald Trump, der kommer udefra og siger: ”Jeg kan drive USA som en virksomhed. Jeg kan komme med løsninger, som ingen af de her politikere kan finde ud af”. Det giver hurtigt det, vi har set: En personkult bygget op omkring én person som en slags redningsmand, snarere end en leder af et politisk parti, som de traditionelt har været.

RÆSON: Du beskriver, at splittelsen i Det Republikanske Parti er gået fra at være en splittelse om, hvor kritisk man skulle stille sig over for staten, til en splittelse om, hvorvidt man er for eller imod Donald Trump. Skal man dermed forstå, at den underliggende politik – ideologien – i det Republikanske Parti ikke har ændret sig?
BJERRE-POULSEN: Spørgsmålet er, i hvilket omfang vi overhovedet kan tale om en ideologi. Det var meget sigende, at Det Republikanske Parti på sit konvent i 2020 valgte slet ikke at have et partiprogram for første gang. I stedet valgte man blot at udtrykke sin støtte til Donald Trump.

Det, Donald Trump gjorde med succes i 2016, var i høj grad at give alle fløje i partiet dét, de helst ville have. Erhvervsfløjen ville have lavere skatter og lavere selskabsskat især, og konservative ønskede sig dommere, der ville skyde enhver progressiv lovgivning ned, der måtte slippe gennem Kongressen. Det fik de. De evangeliske kristne fik deres konservative dommere, abortmodstand, osv.

Det kunne lade sig gøre, fordi Donald Trump dybest set er nihilist. Han har ikke noget politisk program udover måske det, der handler om hans egen status. Han har ikke nogen dyb ideologisk overbevisning om, hvor USA skal bevæge sig hen – ej heller, hvor det det Republikanske Parti skal bevæge sig hen. Så det var ikke noget stort afsavn for ham at give alle dele af det Republikanske Parti det, de allerhelst ville have.

Langt hen ad vejen kunne det, vi kan kalde businessfløjen i Det Republikanske Parti, godt leve med de ting, de ikke brød sig om som fx mærkelige tweets og måske også ting, de var decideret imod: handelskrige, toldbarrierer og udmeldelse af Paris-aftalen, WHO osv. Det kunne de, fordi de fik dét, de interesserede sig mest for: lave skatter og deregulering. Så på det punkt var Trump taktisk dygtig. Men på den anden side er det nu blevet tydeligt, at USA er havnet et helt andet sted end der, hvor den fløj gerne så både landet og partiet bevæge sig hen. Og inden for de seneste måneder har Trump bragt den konflikt ud i det åbne: særligt med det angreb på selve det amerikanske demokrati, som jeg mener, hans kupforsøg var.

Der er dermed blevet trukket en streg mellem dem, der først og fremmest er Donald Trump-tilhængere på den ene side og erhvervsfløjen eller de traditionelle republikanere på den anden. Den første gruppe har ret klart signaleret, at demokratiske valg i virkeligheden interesserer dem mindre, end at Donald Trump forbliver ved magten. I stedet for at have et skel mellem dem, der er mere eller mindre konservative, så har vi nu et skel mellem folk, der dybest set anerkender, at demokratiets grundpiller er frie valg og en fredelig magtoverdragelse, og på den anden side dem, der siger: ”Nej, vi vil bare have Donald Trump”.

RÆSON: Er Trump et symptom på problemet, eller har han i virkeligheden selv sat det i gang? Hvis man ser på de sidste 8 valg i USA, så har Republikanerne vundet 3 af dem, men kun én gang har de faktisk haft flertal i befolkningen. Hvad er det for en udfordring, det her historisk store parti ikke har formået at løse i det amerikanske topartisystem?
BJERRE-POULSEN: Jeg synes, du peger på det helt rigtige: Den demografiske udfordring. Den er central for hele diskussionen om, hvorvidt Donald Trump er et symptom, eller om han også har gjort konflikterne værre.

Vi kan starte med at se på, hvad det er for nogle steder, hvor Trump påstår, at der har været valgsvindel. Det er typisk områder med stor minoritetsrepræsentation: De sorte vælgere i Detroit og sorte vælgere i Philadelphia. Det er ikke forstæderne, han brokker sig over. Det er i virkeligheden ironisk nok, for måske var det i allerhøjeste grad i forstæderne, han tabte valget. Men han sender et signal om, at problemet er, at de forkerte vælgere har fået lov til at stemme. Og her kommer vi til kernen i Det Republikanske Partis problem: Den demografiske udvikling i USA gør, at hvide vælgere udgør en skrumpende del af det samlede vælgerkorps – i hvert fald hvis man mobiliserer alle de minoritetsvælgere, som Demokraterne formåede at gøre denne gang.

Det Republikanske Parti har været klar over i årtier, at den demografiske udvikling var en udfordring, fordi partiet overvejende er et hvidt parti. Der har været folk i det Republikanske Parti, som har sagt: ”Vi bliver nødt til at gøre teltet større”. En af vejene til det var at lave en immigrationsreform. Man følte sig nødt til at have lave en reform, så man ikke så tydeligt fremstod som et parti, der primært var for hvide amerikanere.

Den opfattelse, var der flere fremtrædende Republikanere, der delte: Senator John McCain, Lindsay Graham (som af årsager, vi ikke skal diskutere i dag, er havnet som en af Donald Trumps faste støtter, men engang talte for at gøre partiet mere favnende), og Mitt Romney kunne man måske også nævne. Man var godt klar over, at det kunne være, man tabte nogle valg undervejs, men opfattelsen var, at der ikke var nogen vej udenom, medmindre man skulle til at forhindre dele af den amerikanske befolkning i at stemme. Og der så man det som uholdbart, at den eneste mulighed, man havde for at vinde valg, var at vinde valgmandskollegiet, fordi man simpelthen ikke kunne få et flertal af vælgerne.

En af måderne at løse den demografiske udfordring på var at appellere bredere til den hurtigst voksende minoritetsgruppe i USA: latinamerikanerne. Derfor valgte man fx i 2000 George W. Bush som præsidentkandidat: en guvernør i Texas, som havde forholdsvis stor støtte blandt latinovælgere. Man overvejede også andre kandidater senere, fx hans bror Jeb Bush, som havde været guvernør i Florida og måske også kunne tiltrække en større del af latinovælgerne.

Men denne strategi gjorde, at der kom en voldsom reaktion fra dele af græsrødderne i det Republikanske Parti, der sagde: ”Det kan ikke være rigtigt, at de her illegale immigranter skal belønnes for at være kommet ulovligt til landet, og ligefrem skal have statsborgerskab osv. Den demografiske udvikling går kun endnu hurtigere mod os, hvis vi begynder at give statsborgerskab til illegale indvandrere.” Det oprør indenfor det Republikanske Parti tror jeg, var noget af det, Donald Trump fangede. Hans første mærkesag var netop, at Barack Obama ikke var en legitim præsident, fordi der nok var noget fup med hans dåbsattest.


RÆSON: Hvordan forklarer man så, at Republikanerne er endt med Trump og trumpisme, når de har haft det rationale, at de var nødt til at favne bredere?
BJERRE-POULSEN: Det var lige præcis det: Ledende republikanere havde det første rationale, og så kom der en voldsom reaktion nedefra i partiet fra folk, der sagde: ”Det vil vi ikke være med til”. På den måde var Donald Trump en slags protestkandidat mod de etablerede kandidater.

Der var jo et kæmpe felt af Republikanske kandidater ved primærvalget i 2016. Og mod de flestes forventning blev de kandidater, der havde masser af penge og opbakning fra hele partiapparatet – fx Jeb Bush eller Marco Rubio, der er senator fra Florida – fejet af banen af Donald Trump. Så det var også et internt opgør i det Republikanske Parti.

Det gjorde det også kun mere besværligt for partiet, at Donald Trump faktisk vandt. Han viste, at han kunne vinde på trods af den demografiske forandring i det amerikanske samfund. Han kunne godt nok ikke vinde et flertal af stemmer – han kunne heller ikke komme op og få 50 pct. opbakning i meningsmålinger på noget tidspunkt i de 4 år – men han kunne vinde præsidentembedet.

Trump var i virkeligheden heller ikke så langt fra også at have vundet genvalg, hvis blot der var nogle bestemte stater, der var faldet ud på en anden måde. Godt nok tabte han massivt – hvis vi ser på den samlede vælgerbefolkning, tabte han med 7 mio. stemmer – men han fik stadig flere stemmer, end nogen tidligere kandidat havde fået. Så han fik faktisk gravet nogle vælgere frem, som nok ikke havde stemt Republikansk, hvis ikke Trump havde været partiets kandidat.

Et af de store dilemmaer for fremtidige Republikanske præsidentkandidater, hvis man skal se helt kynisk på det, er nu: Har de lyst til at skræmme de vælgere væk, som Donald Trump har gravet frem? Og så længe de er mere bange for at miste de vælgere, end de er opsatte på at kaste sig ud i den større ændring af hele partiets fremtoning overfor vælgerne, så bliver det svært for partiet. Det er den kamp – og jeg vil næsten sige borgerkrig – der foregår inden for det Republikanske Parti i øjeblikket: Skal man bygge videre på det, Trump mod al forventning formåede at gøre både i 2016 og 2020?

Hvis vi ser på Trumps konkrete resultater og husker tilbage på, hvad han lovede vælgerne i 2016, så har han stort set ikke opfyldt nogle af de løfter. Alligevel er der opstået nærmest en kult af Republikanske vælgere omkring ham. Der er millioner af dem, som er overbevist om, at han har været en fremragende præsident og gjort det virkelig godt. Men hvis vi fx sammenligner Trumps håndtering af COVID med, hvordan det er blevet håndteret i andre lande, så må vi bare konstatere, at han rent administrativt har klaret præsidentembedet umådelig dårligt.

Alligevel ser vi ikke bare støtte, men noget der ligner en dyrkelse af ham som en slags frelserskikkelse. Det svære for andre Republikanske politikere, der gerne vil være præsidentkandidater, er, hvordan de overtager de vælgere, eller i hvert fald hvordan de undgår at gøre dem sure. Det så vi også med rigsretssagen for nyligt, hvor de havde meget svært ved at lægge afstand til ham.


RÆSON: Er det overraskende for dig, at man ikke har undsagt ham bredere efter noget, der virker så eklatant som et angreb på demokratiet?
BJERRE-POULSEN: Der kommer vi jo ud i sådan en motivgranskning: Hvad er det, de dybest set håber på? Er det fordi, de ikke vil rage uklar med Trumps vælgere? Det tror jeg gør sig gældende for rigtig mange medlemmer af Kongressen. For dem er det en helt reel trussel – ikke bare en abstrakt trussel om at vinde vælgere, men der er også politikere, der decideret er bange for deres liv og lemmer, hvis de rager uklar med præsidenten. Vi taler om politikere, som bliver opfordret til at gå ud og købe sikkerhedsveste og beskyttelse, fordi de modtager trusler fra Trump-tilhængere. Vel at mærke også Republikanske politikere.

Bemærk fx at Trump-vælgere ville hænge vicepræsident Mike Pence, der har været en af de mest loyale vicepræsidenter, man kunne forestille sig. Trump fik den idé, at Pence kunne afgøre hele valget – at han kunne forkaste resultatet af et demokratisk valg. Der måtte Pence jo fortælle Trump, at han slet ikke havde sådan nogle beføjelser: Det var en ren formalitet, at han skulle tælle stemmerne op fra de 50 delstater. Alligevel var der folk, der var parate til at hænge ham efterfølgende, fordi han ikke gjorde noget, som han ingen beføjelser har til. Truslen er sådan set konkret nok, så jeg tror, der er et frygtelement i det.

Men der er selvfølgelig også Republikanske politikere, som bare gerne vil overtage Trumps vælgere, eller i hvert fald ikke vil lægge sig ud med dem. Det skal ikke være dem, der er med til at dømme præsidenten. Formålet med at dømme en præsident, der har forladt embedet, er ikke så meget selve dommen, men snarere man så forbyder Trump nogensinde at stille op til et føderalt embede igen. Og frygten fra nogle af de politikere, der gerne vil overtage Trumps vælgere, er, at han stiller op igen om 4 år. Så der er helt sikkert nogle, der gerne så, at det ikke var muligt for ham, men de vil ikke selv lægge hovedet på blokken og stemme for at dømme ham.

RÆSON: Nu har du sagt, at Republikanerne har lagt den linje, at de forskanser sig om personkulten omkring Donald Trump. Vi talte i starten om, at Trumps søn havde sagt, at nu var det ikke det Republikanske Parti mere, men Donald Trumps parti. Kan man udfordre den idé lidt: Der er en stor gruppe vælgere, som gerne vil stemme på Donald Trump, men er der også et projekt, man kan tage videre uden personen Trump?
BJERRE-POULSEN: Det er en meget interessant debat, som foregår stort set hver dag i USA, om Trump er så særlig en skikkelse, at det kun er ham, der kan være lederen af sådan en trumpistisk kult. Man har talt meget om, om man kunne få en ”Trump 2.0” – altså en ny ”Donald Trump”, der kunne appellere til de samme følelser hos vælgerne, men samtidig være væsentligt bedre kvalificeret, end Trump har været.

Der er Trump-modstandere, som priser sig lykkelige for, at han har været så inkompetent og har haft så lav en opmærksomhedstærskel. Stort set alle de projekter, han har talt om, er ikke blevet til noget. De eneste undtagelser er projekter, der kunne afsluttes stort set med døgns varsel; fx at melde USA ud af atomaftalen eller Paris-aftalen eller WHO. Alt hvad der kan gøres ved dekret.

Ser vi på konkret lovgivning, så har han stort set kun én større succes, og det var den skattereform, som blev vedtaget i december 2017, og den var i høj grad var Det Republikanske Partis projekt. På lovgivningssiden er det stort set det eneste, der kommer til at stå i historiebøgerne for denne periode. Så frygten har været, at der måske var nogen, der både kunne have den samme populistiske appel, som Trump har haft, men også være dygtige politiske håndværkere. Men spørgsmålet er, om den frygt er velbegrundet – om kulten ikke i så høj grad drejer sig om personen Donald Trump, at det er svært at forestille sig andre overtage. Uanset om det er Senator Tom Cotton, Senator Ted Cruz, eller Senator Josh Hawley, som alle håber, at de kan træde ind i den rolle, Trump har haft.

Og det er selvfølgelig et dilemma, for selv med Trump har de tabt flertallet i både Repræsentanternes Hus og Senatet og Trump har ved 2 valg ikke fået flest stemmer. Selvom vi kan blive imponerede over, at han fik 74 millioner stemmer, så fik Biden altså 81 millioner stemmer, så det er stadigvæk ikke nok. Hvis man ikke kan vinde hverken et flertal i befolkningen eller et flertal i valgmandskollegiet, så er spørgsmålet, om det er en hensigtsmæssig politik for det Republikanske Parti.

Så længe Trump leverede resultater til businessfløjen i partiet i form af skattelettelser og deregulering, så var de parat til at holde sig for næsen. Men med hans adfærd til sidst – angrebet på selve fundamentet i det amerikanske demokrati – kan man spørge, om det er holdbart. Er det holdbart, hvis man skal bruge stadigt strammere midler på at forhindre en stigende del af den amerikanske befolkning i at stemme?

Alternativt skal man decideret annullere deres stemmer, hvis de ikke falder ud på den måde, som man havde tænkt sig. Det var der 147 medlemmer af Repræsentanternes Hus, der var klar til at gøre; der var sågar politikere, der var parate til at annullere alle stemmerne fra deres hjemstat. Så er vi et helt andet sted, og dét er en helt anden regeringsform end demokrati.

RÆSON: Det er interessant, når du nævner, at han på en måde ikke har haft succes i selve valgene. Man anerkender, at han har fået mange vælgere ud, men han har stadig tabt: Hvorfor undsiger Republikanerne så ikke Donald Trump?
BJERRE-POULSEN: Francis Fukuyama vurderede, at der kommer til at gå flere år, før vi helt forstår, hvad Trump er for et fænomen. Vi kan komme med alle de her rationelle forklaringer: Han har appelleret til nogle vælgergrupper, som Republikanerne ellers har haft svært ved at få fat i osv. Der er helt klart folk i Det Republikanske Parti, som mener, at Trump har vist, at de kan blive et arbejderparti. Men når de siger et ”arbejderparti”, så mener de hvide arbejdervælgere. Det er stadig Det Demokratiske Parti, der får flest arbejderstemmer.

Trump har i høj grad appelleret til sine vælgere med ”hvid identitetspolitik”. Det nåede så til et punkt, hvor det er uforeneligt med de demokratiske principper, som de fleste Republikanere trods alt gerne ser, at man bevarer. Når vrede Trumpvælgere gik til Kongressen 6. januar og sagde: ”Det her er vores land, og vi har ret til at komme ind i Kongressen, for det er vores land, og vi har betalt for politikernes kontorer” osv., så var det i høj grad baseret på en opfattelse af, at landet var deres, fordi de er hvide.

Det var ikke, fordi de var borgere sammen med 325 millioner andre amerikanske borgere – det var en opfattelse af, at der er særlige privilegier forbundet med at være hvid. Det var også det, der gjorde, at de ikke så noget åbenlyst problem i at annullere valgresultater fra ikke blot forskellige stater, men også specifikt fra steder med stor koncentration af minoritetsvælgere. Man kunne altså ikke acceptere at have tabt et valg, fordi folk i Philadelphia eller Detroit stemte anderledes. Så vi er nået til en grænse for, hvor langt i hvert fald nogle i det Republikanske Parti er villige til at gå for at støtte Trump.

RÆSON: Du har beskrevet splittelsen i det Republikanske Parti om, hvorvidt man skal følge Trump, som en decideret borgerkrig. USA er som bekendt et topartisystem: Hvor stiller det USA’s demokrati, at et bærende parti er i så dyb en identitetskrise, hvor de ikke er i stand til at få flertal for deres vision?
BJERRE-POULSEN: Det stiller det amerikanske demokrati i et meget svært dilemma, netop fordi det er et topartisystem. Ved hvert valg har der været andre partier i USA, men de er som bier: De stikker og så dør de. De adresserer et problem, som ingen af de to store partier adresserer, og så bliver de inkorporeret i et af partierne.

Splittelsen i Det Republikanske Parti er nu så fundamental, at det er oplagt at sige, at de havde delt sig i to partier, hvis USA havde haft et andet system – fx et parlamentarisk flerpartisystem, som vi har. Lad mig prøve at uddybe det, jeg sagde før: Businessfløjen i Det Republikanske Parti har måtte strække sig virkelig langt. Under Trump har de måtte give afkald på ting, der var fundamentale for deres opfattelse af, hvad det Republikanske Parti skulle repræsentere – fx globalisering, et liberalt verdenssyn, frihandel osv. Da det så nåede til selve demokratiets fundament, blev det alligevel for meget for dem.

Og derfor kan man sige: Hvis ikke de vinder denne kamp om at få uddrevet Trump og trumpisterne fra partiet én gang for alle, så bliver det meget svært for dem at se sig selv i spejlet, hvis de skal blive i et parti, som er Trumps parti snarere end det traditionelle Republikanske Parti. Så det er oplagt, når folk siger: ”Jamen så må der komme to partier”, men det amerikanske system er ikke rigtig gearet til at have 3 partier. Så hvis Det Republikanske Parti blev splittet, så ville det betyde, at ingen af de to nye partier nogensinde ville vinde et valg igen.

RÆSON: Når vi kigger lidt længere frem og kommer væk fra efterdønningerne af Trump, hvor tror du så, Det Republikanske Parti kommer til at lægge deres vision?
BJERRE-POULSEN: En del af det afhænger af, om man tror, Trump fortsat er en magtfuld skikkelse i amerikansk politik. Uanset om han så er det fra sidelinjen. Hvis han stadig om 4 år er med på sidelinjen, og enten stiller op eller blot melder ud, at han overvejer det, så er det en helt anden debat. Det er væsentligt, om han bliver ved med at bestemme eller i hvert fald have indflydelse på, hvordan de republikanske politikere opfører sig: om han straffer dem, der ikke er loyale eller lægger afstand til ham og hans tid som præsident.

Det er en helt anden situation, hvis man én gang for alle kunne få ham drevet ud. Og der er nogle, der håber i deres stille sind, at alene den omstændighed, at han ikke længere er på Twitter længere, kan gøre, at han med tiden blegner og ophører med at være en politisk skikkelse.

Så er spørgsmålet, om man får et af hans børn, der skal forsøge at løfte familiearven. Når Trumps børn har fået indflydelsesrige poster, er det nærmere, fordi Trump har forsøgt at skabe et oligarki, end det er, fordi man tilfældigvis mener, at hans søn eller datter er store politiske begavelser. Han har forsøgt at skabe et familiedynasti, og hvis én af dem eller han selv bliver ved med at stå på sidelinjen, så bliver det en meget svær tid for Det Republikanske Parti.

RÆSON: Så jeg hører dig sige: På trods af angrebet på Kongressen og på trods af de udviklinger, vi har beskrevet, så har Republikanerne for nu valgt en mere trumpistisk linje, hvor de ikke undsiger ham. Men de har stadig ikke valgt et fremtidigt projekt: Det vejrer stadig lidt i vinden, om man stiller sig helt over på en Trumpistisk linje. Er det rigtigt forstået?
BJERRE-POULSEN: Problemet er, at der ikke rigtig er noget politisk projekt længere. Man taler kun om ”owning the libs” – altså ”at genere de liberale” – på forskellige måder. Jeg synes, det var sigende, at man på Republikanernes partikonvent valgte slet ikke at have noget partiprogram.

Hvis vi ser på, hvad de Republikanske vælgere ønsker: skattelettelser, deregulering, osv., og tager fx miljøregulering, så er der 200 miljøreguleringer, som Trump bare har fjernet. Men præmissen for at gøre det er, at man ikke tror, at der findes nogle menneskeskabte klimaforandringer.

Joe Bidens argument for at genindføre reguleringerne er: Klimaforandringer er en realitet, og på længere sigt vil det være dyrere for den amerikanske samfundsøkonomi ikke at gøre noget end at gøre noget nu. Så hvis Republikanerne fortsætter Trumps linje, så skulle det være et sats på, at man sådan set er ligeglad med klimaforandringer. Donald Trump var bedøvende ligeglad – det var hans opfattelse, at der ikke eksisterede menneskeskabte klimaforandringer. Som han sagde: ”Det er noget, kineserne har fundet på for at genere os: Det er et svindelnummer”. Alene dét er en præmis for ikke at gøre noget.

Hvis man bare skulle fortsætte ned ad Trumps vej, så skulle man fx fjerne alle reguleringer, det amerikanske erhvervsliv er underlagt, men det er der selv store dele af virksomhederne, der ikke er interesserede i. De har ikke lyst til at leve i en boble, hvor man har en helt anden opfattelse af grundlæggende videnskabelige fakta end resten af verden. Og der har vi set – også de sidste 4 år – kampe mellem røde og blå stater. Trump har decideret ført krig mod stater som fx Californien, fordi de har fastholdt de kriterier, der var i Paris-aftalen. Men han har også kæmpet med en række andre stater; fx Texas, der ikke har nogen interesse eller ser nogen fremtid i at lade, som om klimaforandringer ingen rolle spiller.



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