傅达林:美国人持枪禁枪之争的启示
2010年06月30日08:33
禁枪,在当今美国,是最受关注也最受非议的法律话题之一。就美国人而言,枪不是一个工具,而是一种权利。这种观念虽历经二百余年的不休争论,依然顽强地保存延续了下来,并不断地被最高司法部门所伸张。6月28日,美国最高法院公布裁决,扩大保障公民持枪自由的宪法条款的适用范围,这意味着美国公民在各州都有权持枪,也对美国各州和地方枪支管制的法律带来挑战。
或许,司法票决的比例深刻折射出美国人对待枪支的复杂心态。当天最高法院以5比4的投票结果,就芝加哥禁枪令是否违宪一案作出裁决,称美国宪法第二修正案中有关公民享有持枪自由的条款同样适用于各州和地方法律。而此前的2008年6月26日,最高法院也是以5比4通过裁决,推翻了华盛顿实行了32年之久的禁枪令。微弱多数的司法票决既代表了主流民意的走向,也反映出不同立场的争论态势。而这种看似巧合的背后,其实暗藏着一个国家深厚的文化观念和法律传统,就此挖掘一番,能找到不少带有启示性意义的东西。
启示一:时刻保持对公权“暴力”的天然警惕。
我们或许疑惑,美国人为什么如此钟爱枪?难道是天性崇尚暴力吗?其实相反,美国人视枪如生命般重要,恰是为了抵抗暴力。早在独立战争时,争取自由的美国人就懂得,公民持枪是对抗暴政、捍卫公民权的最后依仗。用鲜血换来自由的建国先驱们,深刻认识到“人民有推翻暴政的自由”之重要性。而没枪怎么推翻暴政?所以在随后的宪法修正案中,专门规定“人民持有和携带武器的权利不得侵犯”(《权利法案》第二条)。
时过境迁,今天的美国早已脱离了政府暴政的危险,但美国人对暴政的天然防备心理并没有改变,“防权如防火,防权力滥用如防洪水”的宪法精神没有改变,坚决保证人民持枪权利的法律也没有改变。所以,在美国人的骨子里,认同“枪是一种权利”,而只有保障公民持枪的权利,才能避免政府垄断使用暴力的特权,才能有效防止少数人利用“枪”大搞专制统治。
启示二:随时保持对宪法权威的万分敬畏。
然而,美国人这种权利的维护,却是以无数次鲜血做代价的,在屡屡发生枪击案之后,美国人仍然不想“亡羊补牢”,禁枪的立法总是陷入困境,其中一个重要的原因,就是美国人对“老祖宗”制定的宪法无比敬畏。
近年来,在枪支问题变得突出之后,支持和反对枪支管制的两派人士开始就修正案的诠释展开激烈争论,支持者认为,200多年前制定的宪法修正案早已“过时”,依据法院的历次裁决,政府有权对枪支加以管制;反对方则始终依托修正案,反对任何的枪支管制措施。第二条修正案成为美国枪支管制立法中无法绕过的“栅栏”,不少次关于枪支立法的讨论最终在第二条宪法修正案的争论声中陷入僵局。而要想对这条修正案进行改动,就必须获得大多数州的同意,这似乎更加困难,因为目前美国的50个州中,44个州的宪法都有明确保护公民持枪权利的条款。所以,政府只能再三呼吁为枪支管制“立法”,对于彻底禁枪,由于第二修正案的存在,政府永远不敢“越雷池一步”。
启示三:法律移植必须考察深层背景。
美国是世界上第一个也是至今唯一公民普遍有持枪权利的国家,立法上的态度除了受到宪法及以宪法解释者身份自居的最高法院的左右,更深层面还源于其独特的“枪文化”和政治背景。枪最能体现美国人野性、刚强、独立不羁的个性,枪支之于美国,犹如汉堡包之于美国、热狗之于美国、摇滚乐之于美国,是美国文化中不可或缺的一部分。尽管多数民众支持枪支管制,但也不愿严格到欧洲那种程度,更不愿放弃个人拥有枪支的权利。
与此同时,深层次的党派分歧和利益集团,也时刻在影响着政治力量以及立法过程。由于利益集团的介入,美国两党在枪支问题上采取了截然不同的政治立场,总体上共和党主张持枪权,而民主党倾向于枪支管制,不同的政见直接影响美国的立法更迭,看似分配权利的正义立法,其实也是政治力量妥协的产物。这也提示我们,在法律移植渐成为风潮的今天,不能不详加考察外域的深层文化和政治背景,就贸然引进他国的法律经验。
You got it right, very well researched & very well written.
I would say, however, that while in general American Democrats do not favor gun rights, there is a large percentage of Democrats that do not agree with their party on this issue. The state I live in generally votes Democrat, but it is filled with gun owners and hunters who will turn and vote Republican, if the only Democrat choice is a “gun-ghoulie” (one who wants to ban guns).
I would also point out that, although there are over 80 million armed households in my country, America only ranks 24th in the number of murders per year, with many of the countries above us on that list being countries that severely restrict or even ban gun ownership.
Owning a gun of any kind does not make you a murderer. This has always been the flaw in the thinking of those who would ban them. But even a 90 year old grandmother can protect herself against a murderer, if she’s holding a .357 Magnum…and over 2 million Americans thwart criminals every year, with their privately owned firearms.
This single issue has lost the American Democrats more voters than anything else. If they would simply accept the will of the people on this matter, they would swamp the Republicans in elections, every time.
What an excellent piece of writing!
There is only one point I believe should have been included, and that is this: there are gun buying laws in place to keep convicted felons, drug addicts, etc., from buying guns, and the simple fact is that almost all of the gun violence committed in this country is committed with stolen or otherwise illegal guns.
For fifty years, it was even legal to own a fully-automatic gun, with a hefty tax, and the owner had to be willing to produce the gun and its papers for any law enforcement official without a warrant. During that time, many thousands of Americans owned machine guns, and not one of them committed a crime with them. Not one was even accused of letting someone else steal his gun to use in a crime.
Even now, the bulk of guns used in crimes in this country are brought in from Mexico, and they were manufactured in China. I don’t offer this as some sort of insult, but to show that our system of making sure that all upright citizens have access to guns works. Our fearless leaders have, in their infinite wisdom, kept the southern border open to facilitate the slave trade, and that has brought in most of the illegal guns and armed criminals we encounter in our country today.