The Second Death of Eleanor Roosevelt

Published in El País
(Spain) on 2 December 2016
by Enrique Feàs (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Sean P. Hunter. Edited by Christina Virkus.
One day, the future first lady of the United States discovered that her husband, the future president, was cheating on her. In that instant, her life changed forever. Although she thought about divorcing him, she finally reconsidered and in a cold and pragmatic manner decided to remain at his side, but with one condition: She would abandon the role of the selfless wife and develop an intense public role with her own political agenda. We are not talking about Hillary Clinton but Eleanor Roosevelt.

This past Nov. 7, on the eve of the U.S. presidential election, was the 54th anniversary of the death of one of the most interesting women in the history of American politics. The daughter of a well-off New York family, Eleanor did not need to change her surname when she married: Her father was the younger brother of former president Theodore Roosevelt. She was married at 21 years of age to her distant cousin, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the president who would eventually lift the United States out of the Great Depression with the "New Deal."

Life forced her to be strong: Her mother and younger brother both died of diphtheria when she was just 8 years old, and her father, an alcoholic, would die two years later after leaping from a window at a sanitarium during a spell of delirium tremens. She was intelligent and prepared, and right after becoming first lady in 1933 she showed her dissatisfaction with the role that until then had been reserved for the spouses of presidents, and she continued her intense work. Her husband's illness, which confined him to a wheelchair by 1921, helped ignite her presence in political life; in fact, she wound up holding more meetings and press conferences than the president did.

She quickly became one of the main defenders and promoters of the New Deal, even to the point of participating in the inspections of its programs. It was in this way she noticed that in the southern states, the black population was benefiting proportionately less from public aid, which led to her role as an activist in the African American civil rights movement. Nor did she forget the rights of homosexuals, which would undoubtedly influence the romantic relationship she had with a female reporter for the Associated Press.

Also under the New Deal, she fought for wage equality for women. She worked behind the scenes to make lynching a federal crime. She also tried to fight the wave of hatred toward Japanese residents in the United States after the attack on Pearl Harbor, believing that it was generating "great hysteria against minorities," and she even actively opposed Order 9066 that her husband approved. which resulted in numerous Japanese-Americans being sent to internment camps. She also defended asylum for the Jews being persecuted by the Nazi regime, but the fear that there could be terrorists among the political refugees weighed heavily on the president, who went as far as to restrict their immigration.

Following the death of President Roosevelt in April of 1945, Eleanor had to face the embarrassment of discovering that her husband's former lover had accompanied him to his deathbed. But still, she rebounded again. President Roosevelt's successor, Harry S. Truman, would name her as a delegate to the United Nations, where she would become the first female chair of the U.N. Human Rights Commission and a key player in the drafting and subsequent adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.

For a time she flirted with the possibility of running for president of the United States. She harbored that hope until Truman decided to support the governor of New York as the democratic candidate. She never brought it up again and instead, for many years, opted to support the presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson, another fascinating character of many stories, such as when an admirer told him that all the intelligent people in the United States were going to vote for him, to which he replied: “I’m afraid that won’t do—I need a majority.”

Although Eleanor had enormous popularity, her activism and her assertiveness earned her much antipathy. She was accused of being anti-American for defending the Japanese immigrants; of being a fantasist and idealist for promoting a city-cooperative in Arthurdale where homeless miners were resettled; of being a hypocrite for including a segregationist city within the pilot cities of the New Deal and allowing it to carry her name (Eleanor, West Virginia); of being sectarian for favoring affirmative action for women and for some time only allowing female reporters access to press conferences; of showboating for visiting the troops in the South Pacific to offer them encouragement; of being foolhardy for trying to take in Jewish refugees persecuted by the Nazis; and even of being adulterous, immoral and a liar.

If on Nov. 8 the ghost of Eleanor Roosevelt would have come out from her grave to bear witness to the American elections, she would have been disappointed.* It is likely that, once the vote count was over, she would have slipped stealthily into the Democratic Party headquarters, approached a heart-broken Hillary Clinton and placed a hand on her shoulder while whispering some words of comfort in her ear. She also knew what it’s like to be judged for the infidelities of her husband, for daring to have her own political career while being the First Lady, and for coming from a family that was well-off and linked to the establishment; for evolving and changing her opinion on important topics like gay rights; for being tough, cold and pragmatic, which were values not seen as negative in male politicians; and even, of course, for committing errors and falling into contradictions, as all human beings do, especially politicians.

Later, slowly, she would have returned to her grave thinking about the values for which she had always fought: rights for racial minorities, immigrants, homosexuals, women, disadvantaged people and those evicted after a great economic crisis. Upon closing her headstone again she would have sighed as she wondered when would be the next time that she could go out again to try to see a women reach the presidency of the United States.

*Editor’s note: "Nov. 8" is a correction to the original article, which referred to Nov. 7 as election day.


Un día, la futura primera dama estadounidense tuvo conocimiento de que su marido, el futuro presidente, la engañaba. Su vida cambió para siempre en ese instante: aunque al principio pensó en divorciarse, finalmente lo reconsideró y de forma fría y pragmática decidió permanecer a su lado, pero con una condición: abandonaría el papel de esposa abnegada y desarrollaría una intensa actividad pública con una agenda política propia. No estamos hablando de Hillary Clinton, sino de Eleanor Roosevelt.
El 7 de noviembre pasado, es decir, la víspera de las elecciones presidenciales estadounidenses, se cumplieron 54 años de la muerte de una de las mujeres más interesantes de la historia política americana. Hija de una acomodada familia neoyorquina, a Eleanor no le hizo falta cambiar de apellido cuando se casó: su padre era el hermano menor del antiguo presidente Theodore Roosevelt. Contrajo matrimonio a los 21 años con su primo lejano, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, el presidente que sacaría a Estados Unidos de la Gran Depresión con el New Deal.

La vida le obligó a ser fuerte: su madre y su hermano menor murieron de difteria cuando ella apenas tenía ocho años, y su padre, alcohólico, moriría dos años después tras saltar de la ventana de un sanatorio en medio de un delirium tremens. Inteligente y preparada, ya desde los primeros años después de convertirse en 1933 en primera dama mostró su insatisfacción por el papel hasta entonces reservado para las consortes de los presidentes, y continuó su intensa actividad. La enfermedad de su marido, que le confinó desde 1921 en una silla de ruedas, contribuyó a avivar la presencia de Eleanor en la vida política y llegaría a dar más conferencias y celebrar más ruedas de prensa que el propio presidente.
Pronto se convirtió en una de las principales defensoras e impulsoras del New Deal, hasta el punto de participar en inspecciones de sus programas. Fue así como reparó en que en los Estados del Sur la población negra se beneficiaba proporcionalmente menos de las ayudas públicas, lo que le hizo volverse una activa defensora del movimiento en defensa de los derechos civiles de los afroamericanos, a los que además invitaba asiduamente a la Casa Blanca. No olvidó tampoco los derechos de los homosexuales, en lo que sin duda influiría la relación romántica que mantuvo con una reportera de Associated Press.
También en el marco del New Deal dio la batalla por la igualdad salarial de las mujeres. Hizo presión entre bastidores para conseguir que se aprobara la ley que convertía el linchamiento en delito federal. Asimismo, intentó combatir la ola de odio hacia los inmigrantes japoneses residentes en Estados Unidos tras el ataque de Pearl Harbor, considerando que se estaba generando “una gran histeria en contra de las minorías” e incluso se opuso activamente a la Orden 9066 que aprobó su marido y que llevó a numerosos japoneses americanos a campos de internamiento. También defendió el asilo de judíos perseguidos por el régimen nazi, pero el miedo a que entre los refugiados políticos se encontrara algún terrorista pesó más en el ánimo del presidente, que llegó incluso a restringir su inmigración.

Al morir el presidente Roosevelt, en abril de 1945, Eleanor tuvo que soportar la humillación de enterarse de que su antigua amante le había acompañado en su lecho de muerte. Pero volvió a superarlo. El sucesor de
Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, la nombraría delegada en Naciones Unidas, donde se convertiría en la primera presidenta de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos y en agente fundamental de la redacción y posterior aprobación en 1948 en la Asamblea General de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos.


Durante un tiempo coqueteó con la posibilidad de presentarse como candidata a la presidencia de Estados Unidos. Ella misma terminó por albergar esa esperanza, que finalmente se truncó cuando Truman decidió apoyar como candidato demócrata al gobernador de Nueva York. Desde entonces no se lo volvió a plantear y optó por apoyar durante años la carrera presidencial de Adlai Stevenson, otro personaje fascinante y del que se cuentan anécdotas como la del admirador que le dijo que todas las personas inteligentes de Estados Unidos le iban a votar, y él replicó: “No son suficientes”.

Aunque Eleanor tenía una enorme popularidad, su activismo y su firmeza le granjearon muchas antipatías. Fue acusada de antiamericana por defender a los inmigrantes japoneses; de fantasiosa y utópica por promover una ciudad-cooperativa en Arthurdale, donde reasentar mineros sin hogar; de hipócrita, por incluir una ciudad segregacionista dentro de las ciudades piloto del New Deal y dejar que llevara su nombre (Eleanor, en Virginia Occidental); de sectaria, por favorecer la discriminación positiva de la mujer y durante un tiempo solo permitir el acceso a periodistas mujeres en sus ruedas de prensa; de exhibicionista, por visitar a las tropas en el Pacífico Sur para infundirles ánimos; de temeraria, por pretender acoger a refugiados judíos perseguidos por los nazis; y hasta de adúltera, inmoral y mentirosa.

Si el pasado 7 de noviembre el fantasma de Eleanor Roosevelt hubiese salido de su tumba para ser testigo de las elecciones americanas, se habría llevado una buena decepción. Es probable que, una vez finalizado el escrutinio, se hubiera desplazado, sigiloso, hasta la sede del partido demócrata y, acercándose a una desconsolada Hillary Clinton, le hubiera posado una mano encima del hombro y le hubiera susurrado al oído algunas palabras de consuelo: ella también sabía lo que es ser juzgada por las infidelidades de su marido, por atreverse a tener una carrera política propia siendo primera dama y viniendo de una familia acomodada y vinculada al establishment; por evolucionar y cambiar de opinión en temas importantes como los derechos de los homosexuales; por ser dura, fría y pragmática, valores no percibidos como negativos en los políticos masculinos; e incluso, por supuesto, por cometer errores y caer en contradicciones, como todos los humanos, especialmente los políticos.

Luego, lentamente, habría regresado a su tumba, pensando en los valores por los que siempre había luchado: los derechos de las minorías raciales, los inmigrantes, los homosexuales, las mujeres, las personas desfavorecidas, los desahuciados tras una gran crisis económica. Al cerrar de nuevo su lápida, habría suspirado al pensar cuándo sería la próxima vez que podría salir de nuevo para intentar ver a una mujer alcanzar la presidencia de Estados Unidos.
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