There are so many irrational elements in play that there is understandable, widespread skepticism about what could happen next
Peace in the Middle East is only one of the possible outcomes of the agreement reached between Washington and Tehran. However, apart from the understanding that this is the rational consequence of the need on both sides to end a damaging war, albeit for very different reasons, there are many irrational factors in play. Therefore, it is easy to understand the widespread skepticism about what could happen next. Emotions are running high, and there are powerful, confrontational prejudices arising from decades of mistrust. These emotions and prejudices could easily end up influencing what happens. The reality is that neither of the parties involved is in a position to impose demands by force. It remains to be seen, therefore, which way the scales will fall when geopolitical and economic calculations are taken into account on one hand, and on the other, the psychological and sociological variables of the respective leaders and their people.
Among these considerations, what stands out is the extreme anger expressed by Benjamin Netanyahu. From his point of view, what has happened not only puts his plans in Lebanon in question but also stops him completing the task of removing the threat from Iran. What is worse, it could mean defeat in the elections planned for this autumn. This could happen if voters come to the conclusion that Netanyahu cannot protect them and he ends up giving in to pressure from a Donald Trump desperate to climb out of the Iranian pit, forcing Netanyahu to stop the attacks on Lebanon. He knows how this would be exploited by his electoral opponents, who would accuse him of being weak. Therefore, it will not come as a surprise to anyone that Netanyahu would choose to do everything possible to upset the deal, attacking Lebanon (to Trump’s frustration), thus offering Iran the opportunity, whenever it likes, to block channels of negotiation which should now be open.
The feeling of failure gripping Trump cannot be a small thing, however much he wants to present himself as the winner. It is not only that he has missed all of the goals he set with Netanyahu, but also that the most he could achieve now would be no better than Barack Obama in 2015. If the process of negotiation isn’t derailed, Iran will continue to have a nuclear program without having to give up the uranium that has already been enriched and without giving up its ballistic missiles or support for its pawns in the region. He also now still has the task of convincing his people that the war made sense. With this comes the danger that he will receive a resounding beating at the ballot box in November that could seriously limit the rest of his presidency.
For his part, Mojtaba Khamenei must be feeling hopeful and breathing a sigh of relief. With the help of the Pasdaran (Revolutionary Guard), Iran has not only managed to avoid the downfall of the regime but can now also count on the control of Hormuz (as well as the nuclear program) as a second bargaining chip in the negotiation to try to escape the persecution it has been suffering for decades. Despite its inferiority in the face of such powerful enemies, not only has Iran not surrendered, but it is on the verge of having funds unfrozen, receiving compensation for harm suffered, and having sanctions lifted. This, if it happens, will allow the regime to keep its people under control and increase its weight in the region. This is why Tehran, along with Trump, has the most interest in the agreement holding. The difference between the two is that Khamenei is not in as much of a hurry as Trump and could use Hormuz to disrupt negotiations.
In any case, feelings of anxiety and uncertainty dominate. Nobody can predict what Netanyahu will do. This is a Netanyahu who is worried about losing elections and ending up in prison. He is the head of an extremist cabinet which is determined to drown the hopes of the Palestinians, occupy Lebanon and destroy Iran — something that is impossible without the collaboration of the U.S. Nor does anyone know how far this Trump, so obviously erratic, is willing to go to avoid being painted as a loser. He is accused of having abandoned Tel Aviv and has nothing positive to give to his supporters. Equally, nobody knows if Tehran will gamble on Hezbollah at the risk of ruining a deal that could bring a substantial boost to the economy and recognition of power in the region with neighbors who now can no longer trust Washington.
If reason prevails in the next 60 days, we could see Khamenei continuing to opt for a deal. Even if Netanyahu carries on violating Lebanese sovereignty, Khamenei would only use these attacks to control the timing of negotiations and raise the price of concessions. For his part, so as not to lose vital support for his security from Washington, Netanyahu may moderate his aggression for a while without completely stopping attacks on Lebanon nor promising to renounce plans against Iran. The problem is that, as well as this not being enough to reach a real peace agreement at the end of the process, for those who live by war and love the smell of gunpowder, reason is just an obstacle to their dreams of greatness.
Jesús A. Núñez Villaverde is the co-director of the Institute of Studies on Conflicts and Humanitarian Action
EE UU-Irán: un pacto que huele a pólvora
Hay tantos factores no racionales en juego que se comprende el escepticismo general sobre lo que pueda venir a continuación
Jesús A. Núñez Villaverde
La paz en Oriente Medio es solo una de las opciones que se derivan del pacto alcanzado entre Washington y Teherán. Pero más allá de entender que su firma es la consecuencia racional de la necesidad de ambos por parar una guerra que les perjudica, aunque sea por razones muy distintas, son tantos los factores no racionales en juego que se comprende de inmediato el generalizado escepticismo sobre lo que pueda venir a continuación. Son tantas las emociones desatadas y tan potentes los sesgos confrontacionales derivados de una desconfianza de décadas, que bien pueden acabar imponiéndose a lo que dicta una realidad que se resume en que ninguno de los actores implicados está en condiciones de imponer su dictado por la fuerza. Queda por ver, por tanto, hacia qué lado se inclina la balanza cuando se toman en consideración los cálculos geopolíticos y geoeconómicos, por un lado, y las variables psicológicas y sociológicas de los respectivos dirigentes y sus poblaciones.
Destacan entre estas últimas el monumental enojo expresado por Benjamin Netanyahu. En su iluminada visión, lo ocurrido no solo cuestiona sus planes en Líbano, sino que le impide rematar la tarea de eliminar la amenaza iraní. Peor aún, le puede costar la derrota en las elecciones previstas para este otoño si los votantes concluyen que no ha sido capaz de protegerlos y termina por someterse a la presión de un Trump desesperado por salir del pozo iraní, forzándolo a detener los ataques contra Líbano (sabiendo que eso será aprovechado por sus contrincantes electorales para acusarlo de debilidad). En consecuencia, no sorprenderá a nadie que Netanyahu opte por hacer todo lo posible para reventar el pacto, atacando al Líbano (para desesperación de Trump), ofreciéndole a Irán la posibilidad de bloquear, cuando lo desee, el proceso de negociación que ahora debe abrirse.
No debe ser menor la sensación de fracaso que embarga a Trump, por mucho que pretenda presentarse como victorioso. No solo no ha logrado ninguno de los objetivos que se había marcado junto con Netanyahu, sino que lo máximo que ahora puede alcanzar no mejora a lo que ya había conseguido Obama en 2015. Si el proceso de negociación no descarrila, Irán seguirá teniendo un programa nuclear —sin tener que entregar el uranio que ya ha enriquecido—, sin renunciar a sus misiles balísticos ni al apoyo a sus peones regionales. Y ahora aún le queda la tarea de convencer a sus ciudadanos de que la guerra ha tenido sentido, con el peligro de que en noviembre las urnas le propinen una sonora bofetada que puede limitar seriamente el resto de su presidencia.
Por su parte, Mojtaba Jamenei debe respirar aliviado y esperanzado. De la mano de los Pasdarán (la Guardia Revolucionaria) Irán no solo ha conseguido evitar el derribo del régimen, sino que ahora cuenta con el control de Ormuz como segunda baza de negociación (además del programa nuclear) para intentar salir airoso de la cacería que lleva sufriendo desde hace décadas. A pesar de su inferioridad ante enemigos tan potentes no solo no se ha rendido, sino que está a las puertas de obtener la descongelación de fondos propios, la compensación por los daños sufridos y el alivio de las sanciones; una posibilidad que, si se concreta, le facilitaría mantener el control de su población y aumentar su peso regional. Teherán es, por tanto, el más interesado, junto con Trump, en que se cumpla lo acordado. La diferencia entre ambos es que Jamenei no tiene tanta prisa como Trump y puede interrumpir la negociación jugando con Ormuz.
En todo caso, la inquietud y la incertidumbre son las sensaciones dominantes. Nadie puede predecir qué hará un Netanyahu temeroso de perder unas elecciones y terminar en la cárcel, liderando un gabinete extremista decidido a ahogar las esperanzas de los palestinos, a ocupar Líbano y a eliminar a Irán (impensable sin la complicidad estadounidense). Nadie sabe tampoco hasta dónde quiere llegar un Trump tan manifiestamente errático para evitar quedar retratado como un perdedor, acusado de haber abandonado a Tel Aviv y sin nada positivo que presentar a sus simpatizantes. Nadie sabe, igualmente, si Teherán se la va a jugar por Hezbolá, a riesgo de arruinar un acuerdo que puede depararle una sustanciosa mejora económica y el reconocimiento de potencia regional frente a unos vecinos que ya no pueden confiar en Washington.
Si la razón se impusiera en estos próximos sesenta días veríamos que, a pesar de que Netanyahu siga violando la soberanía libanesa, Jamenei seguiría apostando por un acuerdo y tan solo utilizaría esos ataques para manejar los tiempos de la negociación y subir el precio de sus concesiones. Por su parte, Netanyahu moderaría su agresividad por un tiempo, con la intención de no perder a Washington como vital sostén de su seguridad, sin detener completamente los ataques en Líbano y sin comprometerse a renunciar a sus planes contra Irán. El problema es que, además de que eso no basta para alcanzar un verdadero acuerdo de paz al final del proceso, para quienes viven de la guerra y saborean gustosamente el olor a pólvora, la razón es solo un obstáculo para sus sueños de grandeza.
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