Obama’s Anxious “Sputnik Moment”

Published in United Daily News
(Taiwan) on 29 January 2011
by (link to originallink to original)
Translated from by Jason Nordmark. Edited by Sam Carter.
President Obama's 2011 State of the Union Address can be described as a blatant replay of the first time that a U.S. president's message contained strong anxiety. He said that half a century ago, when the Soviet Union launched its first "Sputnik" satellite, the United States was shocked. This shock motivated the United States into action, and they were able land on the moon before the Soviet Union. Obama said: Now is the United States’ "Sputnik Moment".

Obama's "Sputnik Moment" refers to the emergence of China and India and that the "rules of the world economy have changed". As to how to the respond to "China-India-nik", Obama pointed out that only when all politicians put aside their differences and work together will we be able to resolve the challenge. The underlying message was that the United States’ democratic system is fundamentally better than the political systems of China and India.

The subtext of this State of the Union Address is that the United States is in decline. In his speech, Obama referred to China four times, referring to education, technology, infrastructure and other aspects of its rapid development to remind the American people not to fall behind. He also said that South Korean broadband internet access is more convenient than that in the United States, and that European and Russian investment in road and rail is better than that in the United States. Obama also pointed out that China is building more airports and trains and even the world's fastest computers. In Obama's eyes, South Korea's education system is better than the United States. This prompted Obama to describe the situation as a "Sputnik Moment".

In the eyes of Obama and some Americans, the decline in America's national power, the tea party's hatred for the government and other factors have all given rise to a serious problem that has already threatened America's ability to "win to future".

Obama said the ruling and opposition parties should respect each other, but the country is the common responsibility of all political parties. During Obama's fifth mention of China in his speech, he said that some countries do not have this problem (political debate); the central government can open a railway regardless of the number of homes to be leveled. If you do not want bad news to hit the papers, no one will write it.

Then Obama seemed to show contradictory feelings. One the one hand, he was a bit worried and said that American democracy may sometimes feel confused and frustrating. On the other hand, he also expressed self-confidence and perseverance and said no one would want to exchange our system for another country’s.

This is America's problem, but it also reflects a problem that afflicts the entirety of human civilization. At the time, the Soviet Union was winning the space race as a result of Sputnik. But Sputnik could not prevent the total collapse of the Soviet Union, which occurred later. Exactly as Obama said, people living in free society would not want to exchange our system for any other. Even in the face of the present "Sputnik Moment" they are reluctant. But is it possible that the free and democratic system will simply be remembered as the two-party system or by the actions of the tea party? Furthermore, is it doomed to being unable to surpass "socialism with Chinese characteristics?”

After a night of chaotic American democracy, how is it possible to face the "Sputnik Moment”? Not only are Americans watching; the whole world is too. Because not only is the American democratic system on trial but all of human civilization as well!


美國總統歐巴馬的二○一一年國情咨文,可謂是一篇歷來首次露骨地顯示美國強烈焦慮感的總統咨文。他說,半世紀前,蘇聯發射史上首枚「史潑尼克」人造衛星(Sputnik),震驚了美國,最後美國以首先登陸月球超越了蘇聯。歐巴馬說:現在正是美國這個時代的「史潑尼克時刻」。

歐巴馬口中的「現在的史潑尼克」,指的是正在崛起的中國與印度,以及「已經改變的世界經濟規則」;至於因應這「中國印度尼克」的方法,歐巴馬指出,美國面對的問題與挑戰,只有在所有政黨撇開政爭戰火,群策群力,才能解決。這篇咨文隱約有一主軸,那就是:如何以美國引以為榮的政黨民主制度,去勝過中國、印度這些新興強權。

美國正在衰退,這是此篇國情咨文取名「贏向未來」的潛台詞。歐巴馬在演說中四次提到中國在教育、科技、基礎設施等方面的快速發展,提醒美國人民不能落後。他又說,南韓家庭上網比美國更方便,歐洲及俄羅斯在公路和鐵路方面的投資超越美國,中國正在建造更快的火車和更新的機場,連全球最快的電腦也落在中國。在歐巴馬眼中,南韓的教育體制也優於美國。這就是歐巴馬描繪的「現在的史潑尼克時刻」。

未曾有過一篇美國總統咨文,流露出如此強烈的焦慮感。相對於此種「現在的史潑尼克震撼」,美國眾議院首次以兩黨議員在議場混坐,共同聽取歐巴馬總統的新年國情咨文。一向以來,民主共和兩黨各據議場一邊,象驢分明;總統宣讀咨文,執政黨的一半起立鼓掌,反對黨的一半面無表情地坐著不動。但在土桑槍擊事件後,中間團體「第三條路」建議在國情咨文之夜兩黨混坐,以回應美國社會對政黨合作的期待。這是第一次,但不知有否下一次。

美國國勢衰退,與茶黨掀高的仇恨政爭同為引起焦慮的嚴肅問題;在歐巴馬及有些美國人眼中,這已威脅到美國能否「贏得未來」。

歐巴馬說,朝野政黨應當相互尊重據理力爭,但治國則是各政黨的共同責任。在咨文中,歐巴馬第五次提及中國,卻未點名,他說:「有些國家沒有這個問題(政黨爭論),中央政府要開一條鐵路就能開成,不管要剷平多少住家;如果不希望壞消息見報,就不會有人寫。」

接著,歐巴馬似乎說出了他對兩種制度對比的兩種矛盾感受:一方面,他有些憂心而指出「雖然美國民主有時可能讓人感到混亂與挫折」;另一方面,他也表達了自信與堅持而說:「但沒有人會想和其他國家交換制度。」

歐巴馬的焦慮與福山的焦慮可以相互印證。福山以「歷史終結論」知名,謂民主自由是人類文明的最高境界,此後不可能有超越者,故而歷史至此已告終結;近年他卻對美國民主體制的表現深以為憂。在美國陷於黨爭,而不知能否正確有效回應「現在的史潑尼克」的時候;中國卻恃其「社會主義體制的特點與優勢」(胡錦濤語),大放其「史潑尼克」。

這是美國的難題,甚至也反映了整個人類文明的難題。蘇聯當年領先發射「史潑尼克」,但「史潑尼克」的紀錄卻不能改變後來蘇聯整體政經體制的傾覆。正如歐巴馬所說,在自由民主體制下的人民,「沒有人願與其他國家交換制度」;即使面對「現在的史潑尼克」,也不願意。但是,難道民主自由體制,就一定要走上「象驢分明」或「茶黨模式」,而注定就不能勝過「社會主義體制的特點與優勢」嗎?

經過一夜混坐的美國民主體制,如何面對這個「現在的史潑尼克時刻」;不但美國人在看,全世界也在看。因為,這不僅是美國民主體制的大試煉,也是人類歷史文明的大試煉!
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